Key Vocab Test 2

Question 1

Token economy

Answer 1

a reinforcement system based on token reinforcement

the contingencies specify when and under what conditions particular behaviors are reinforced

Question 2

Homogenous chain reinforcement

Answer 2

the topography, or form of response, is similar in each component

Question 3

Heterogenous chain schedule

Answer 3

requires different responses for each link

Question 4

Matching Law

Answer 4

when two or more concurrent-interval schedules are available, relative rate of response matches the relative rate of reinforcement

Question 5

Concurrent schedules of reinforcement

Answer 5

two or more schedules of reinforcement are simultaneously available each is associated with its own schedule of reinforcement and the organism is free to distribute behavior to the schedules

Question 6

Choice

Answer 6

distribution of operant behavior among alternative sources of reinforcement

Question 7

Sdelta

Answer 7

a stimulus in the presence of which behavior has not been reinforced

Question 8

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

the eliciting event for a reflex

Question 9

Operant behavior

Answer 9

any behavior whose future frequency is determined primarily by its history of consequences

Question 10

Negative reinforcement

Answer 10

a contingency where an ongoing stimulus or event is removed(or prevented) by some response(operant) and the rate of response increases

Question 11

Conditioned response(CR)

Answer 11

a response that is elicited after a previously arbitrary stimulus that, after several pairings with an unconditioned stimulus(US), is now a conditioned stimulus(CS)

Question 12

Positive punishment

Answer 12

a procedure that involves the presentation of an event or stimulus following a behavior that has the effect of decreasing the rate of response

Question 13

Conditioned Stimulus(CS)

Answer 13

an arbitrary stimulus that, after associated with an unconditioned stimulus(US) elicits reflexive behavior, now presented alone
elicits the same response

Question 14

Negative punishment

Answer 14

a contingency that involves the removal of an event or stimulus following a behavior that results in a decrease in the rate of responding

Question 15

Variable-ratio

Answer 15

a response-based schedule of reinforcement in which delivery of reinforcement occurs after a varied number of responses are made

Question 16

Variable-interval

Answer 16

reinforcement in which one response is reinforced after a varied amount of time has passed

Question 17

Unconditioned reinforcer

Answer 17

a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcement despite a lack of learning history with it

Question 18

Fixed-interval

Answer 18

schedule of reinforcement where the operant is reinforced after a fixed amount of time has passed

Question 19

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 19

a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers

Question 20

Discriminative stimulus(Sd)

Answer 20

a stimulus in the presence of which behavior has been reinforced
signals availability of reinforcement

Question 21

Premack Principle

Answer 21

a higher frequency behavior will function as a reinforcer for a lower frequency behavior

Question 22

Matching to sample

Answer 22

a procedure used to investigate recognition of stimuli

Question 23

Delayed matching to sample

Answer 23

on a matching to sample task, the comparison stimuli are presented sometime after the sample stimuli are turned off

Question 24

Conditional discrimination

Answer 24

a differential response to stimuli that depends on the stimulus context

Question 25

Unconditioned response(UR)

Answer 25

the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus(US)

Question 26

Motivating operation

Answer 26

any environmental variable that momentarily alters (a) the effectiveness of a stimulus as a reinforcer or punisher and (b) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced/punished by that stimulus

Question 27

Establishing operation

Answer 27

an MO that increases the effectiveness of some stimulus as a reinforcer/punisher

Question 28

Abolishing operation

Answer 28

an MO that decreases the effectiveness of some stimulus as a reinforcer/punisher

Question 29

Differential reinforcement

Answer 29

reinforcement in the presence of one stimulus(Sd), but not in other settings(Sdelta)

Question 30

Stimulus control

Answer 30

the change in behavior that occurs when either an Sd or Sdelta is presented
when Sd is presented, the probability of response increases
when Sdelta is presented the probability of response decreases

Question 31

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

Answer 31

a conditioned reinforcer is backed up by many other sources of reinforcement

Question 32

Multiple schedule

Answer 32

two or more schedules or reinforcement presented sequentially in which both schedules are signaled by discriminative stimuli

Question 33

Behavioral contrast

Answer 33

the inverse relationship between the response rate for two components of a multiple schedule
as one goes up, the other goes down

Question 34

Generalization

Answer 34

emitting a similar behavior in different situations

Question 35

Positive reinforcement

Answer 35

the presentation of an event/stimulus following an operant and the behavior increases

Question 36

Fixed-ratio

Answer 36

response-based schedule of reinforcement in which delivery of reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses are made

Question 37

Discrimination

Answer 37

when an organism makes a differential response to two or more stimuli

Question 38

Fading

Answer 38

transferring stimulus control from one stimulus to another by gradually changing a controlling stimulus from an initial value to some designated criterion