Key Vocab Test 1 Flashcards
Respondent conditioning
the transfer of the control of behavior from one stimulus to another by stimulus-stimulus association
Schedule of reinforcement
a rule specifying the environmental arrangements and response requirements for reinforcement
a description of a contingency for reinforcement
Unconditioned response(UR)
the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus(US)
Fixed-ratio
response-based schedule of reinforcement in which delivery of reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses are made
Positive punishment
a procedure that involves the presentation of an event or stimulus following behavior that has the effect of decreasing the rate of response
Variable-interval
reinforcement in which one response is reinforced after an average amount of time has passed
Automatic reinforcement
reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others
Second order respondent conditioning
Pairing 2 CSs (CS1 + CS2), rather than CS and US
Variable-ratio
a response-based schedule of reinforcement in which delivery of reinforcement occurs after and average number of responses are made
Conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers
Escape
operant behavior increases by removing an ongoing event or stimulus
Negative reinforcement
a contingency where an ongoing stimulus or event is removed, or prevented, by some response, or operant, and the rate of response increases
Operant behavior
any behavior whose future frequency is determined primarily by its history of consequences
Premack Principle
a higher frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for a lower frequency behavior
Punisher
a stimulus that decreases the frequency of an operant that produces it
aversive stimuli
events or happenings an organism escapes from, evades, or avoids
Unconditioned reinforcer
a stimulus change that functions as reinforcement even though the learner has no learning history with it
Continuous reinforcement
when each response produces reinforcement
Conditioned stimulus(CS)
an arbitrary stimulus that, after associated with an unconditioned stimulus(US) elicits reflexive behavior, now presented alone
elicits the same response
primary aversive stimulus
an aversive stimulus that has acquired its aversive properties as a function of a species history
Reflex
when an unconditioned stimulus(US) elicits an unconditioned response(US-UR)
Conditioned aversive stimulus
an aversive stimulus based on a history of conditioning
Negative punishment
a contingency that involves the removal of an event or stimulus following behavior and therefore decreasing the rate of response
Unconditioned stimulus(US)
the eliciting event for a reflex
Overcorrection
a positive punishment procedure that uses “restitution” to reduce, or eliminate destructive or challenging behaviors
many involve positive practice, requiring the violator to intensely practice an overly correct form of the actions
Operant conditioning
an increase or decrease in an operant behavior as a function of the consequences which followed these responses
Response cost
a negative punishment procedure in which conditioned reinforcers are removed contingent on behavior, and the behavior decreases
Generalized conditioned reinforcer
a conditioned reinforcer is backed up by many other sources of reinforcement
Timeout from reinforcement
a negative punishment procedure where the wrongdoer loses access to positive reinforcement for a specified period of time for engaging in undesirable behavior
Discriminative stimulus(Sd)
a stimulus in the presence of which behavior has been reinforced
evokes behavior because it signals the availability of reinforcement
Negative reinforcer
any event or stimulus that increases the probability of an operant that removes or prevents it
Avoidance
an operant increases by preventing the onset of an event or stimulus
Positive reinforcement
the presentation of an event or stimulus following an operant that increases the rate of response
Fixed-interval
schedule of reinforcement in which the operant is required after a fixed amount of time
Sdelta
a stimulus in the presence of which a behavior has not been reinforced
Behavior
everything an organism does
Extinction
the process of breaking the contingency between the operant and its consequences
Conditioned response(CR)
a response that is elicited after a previously arbitrary stimulus that, after several pairings with an unconditioned stimulus(US), is now a conditioned stimulus(CS)
