Key Vocab Test 1

Question 1

Respondent conditioning

Answer 1

the transfer of the control of behavior from one stimulus to another by stimulus-stimulus association

Question 2

Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 2

a rule specifying the environmental arrangements and response requirements for reinforcement
a description of a contingency for reinforcement

Question 3

Unconditioned response(UR)

Answer 3

the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus(US)

Question 4

Fixed-ratio

Answer 4

response-based schedule of reinforcement in which delivery of reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses are made

Question 5

Positive punishment

Answer 5

a procedure that involves the presentation of an event or stimulus following behavior that has the effect of decreasing the rate of response

Question 6

Variable-interval

Answer 6

reinforcement in which one response is reinforced after an average amount of time has passed

Question 7

Automatic reinforcement

Answer 7

reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others

Question 8

Second order respondent conditioning

Answer 8

Pairing 2 CSs (CS1 + CS2), rather than CS and US

Question 9

Variable-ratio

Answer 9

a response-based schedule of reinforcement in which delivery of reinforcement occurs after and average number of responses are made

Question 10

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 10

a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers

Question 11

Escape

Answer 11

operant behavior increases by removing an ongoing event or stimulus

Question 12

Negative reinforcement

Answer 12

a contingency where an ongoing stimulus or event is removed, or prevented, by some response, or operant, and the rate of response increases

Question 13

Operant behavior

Answer 13

any behavior whose future frequency is determined primarily by its history of consequences

Question 14

Premack Principle

Answer 14

a higher frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for a lower frequency behavior

Question 15

Punisher

Answer 15

a stimulus that decreases the frequency of an operant that produces it

Question 16

aversive stimuli

Answer 16

events or happenings an organism escapes from, evades, or avoids

Question 17

Unconditioned reinforcer

Answer 17

a stimulus change that functions as reinforcement even though the learner has no learning history with it

Question 18

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 18

when each response produces reinforcement

Question 19

Conditioned stimulus(CS)

Answer 19

an arbitrary stimulus that, after associated with an unconditioned stimulus(US) elicits reflexive behavior, now presented alone
elicits the same response

Question 20

primary aversive stimulus

Answer 20

an aversive stimulus that has acquired its aversive properties as a function of a species history

Question 21

Reflex

Answer 21

when an unconditioned stimulus(US) elicits an unconditioned response(US-UR)

Question 22

Conditioned aversive stimulus

Answer 22

an aversive stimulus based on a history of conditioning

Question 23

Negative punishment

Answer 23

a contingency that involves the removal of an event or stimulus following behavior and therefore decreasing the rate of response

Question 24

Unconditioned stimulus(US)

Answer 24

the eliciting event for a reflex

Question 25

Overcorrection

Answer 25

a positive punishment procedure that uses “restitution” to reduce, or eliminate destructive or challenging behaviors
many involve positive practice, requiring the violator to intensely practice an overly correct form of the actions

Question 26

Operant conditioning

Answer 26

an increase or decrease in an operant behavior as a function of the consequences which followed these responses

Question 27

Response cost

Answer 27

a negative punishment procedure in which conditioned reinforcers are removed contingent on behavior, and the behavior decreases

Question 28

Generalized conditioned reinforcer

Answer 28

a conditioned reinforcer is backed up by many other sources of reinforcement

Question 29

Timeout from reinforcement

Answer 29

a negative punishment procedure where the wrongdoer loses access to positive reinforcement for a specified period of time for engaging in undesirable behavior

Question 30

Discriminative stimulus(Sd)

Answer 30

a stimulus in the presence of which behavior has been reinforced
evokes behavior because it signals the availability of reinforcement

Question 31

Negative reinforcer

Answer 31

any event or stimulus that increases the probability of an operant that removes or prevents it

Question 32

Avoidance

Answer 32

an operant increases by preventing the onset of an event or stimulus

Question 33

Positive reinforcement

Answer 33

the presentation of an event or stimulus following an operant that increases the rate of response

Question 34

Fixed-interval

Answer 34

schedule of reinforcement in which the operant is required after a fixed amount of time

Question 35

Sdelta

Answer 35

a stimulus in the presence of which a behavior has not been reinforced

Question 36

Behavior

Answer 36

everything an organism does

Question 37

Extinction

Answer 37

the process of breaking the contingency between the operant and its consequences

Question 38

Conditioned response(CR)

Answer 38

a response that is elicited after a previously arbitrary stimulus that, after several pairings with an unconditioned stimulus(US), is now a conditioned stimulus(CS)