Key Vocab

Question 0

How do microorganism a get into the body?

Answer 0

Gas-exchange system,

Digestive system

Question 1

What must a microorganism do to be considered a pathogen?

Answer 1

Gain entry to host,
Colonise the tissues of the host,
Resist the defences of the host,
Cause damage to the host tissues

Question 2

What defences does the body have to prevent entry of pathogens?

Answer 2

Mucus layer that covers exchange surfaces - sticky barrier that’s hard to penetrate,
Production of enzymes that break down pathogens,
Production of stomach acid that kills microorganisms

Question 3

How do pathogens cause disease?

Answer 3

Damaging host tissues,

Producing toxins

Question 4

What is risk?

Answer 4

A measure of the probability that damage to health will occur as a result of a given hazard

Question 5

What are the lifestyle factors that contribute to cancer?

Answer 5

Smoking, diet, obesity, physical activity, sunlight

Question 6

How do you reduce the risk of cancer and CHD?

Answer 6

Giving up/not taking up smoking,
Avoiding becoming over weight,
Reducing salt intake in diet,
Reducing intake of cholesterol and saturated fats,
Taking regular aerobic exercise,
Keeping alcohol consumption within safe limits,
Increasing intake of dietary fibre and antioxidants

Question 7

What’s the role of the oesophagus?

Answer 7

Carries food from mouth to stomach, made up of thick muscular wall

Question 8

What’s the role of the stomach?

Answer 8

Muscular sac with inner layer that produces enzymes. Stores and digests food, has glands that produce enzymes which digest proteins. produce mucus to stomach stomach being digested by own enzymes

Question 9

What’s the role of the small intestine?

Answer 9

Long muscular tube, food further digested. Inner wall folded into villi - large surface area. Villi have microvilli- further increase surface area.

Question 10

What’s the role of the large intestine?

Answer 10

Absorbs water. Forms faeces

Question 11

What’s the role of the rectum?

Answer 11

Farces stored before being egested

Question 12

What’s the role of the salivary glands?

Answer 12

Pass secretion via duct into mouth, secretions contain amylase, breaks down starch into maltose.

Question 13

What’s the role of the pancreas?

Answer 13

Large gland situated below stomach, produced pancreatic juice. Contains protease to digest proteins, lipase to digest lipids and amylase to digest starch

Question 14

What’s physical breakdown?

Answer 14

Food broken down into smaller pieces by teeth, provides large surface area for chemical digestion. Food churned by muscles in stomach - physically breaks it up further

Question 15

What’s chemical digestion?

Answer 15

Breaks down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble ones, carried out by enzymes. Function by hydrolysis (adding water)
Carbohydrates break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides,
Lipase break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids,
Proteases break down proteins to amino acids
Molecules are absorbed then assimilated into the body

Question 16

What’s a monosaccharide?

Answer 16

Sweet tasting, soluble substances (CH2O)n

Best known monosaccharide=glucose

Question 17

How do you test for reducing sugars?

Answer 17

Benedict’s test:
Add food sample with an equal amount if Benedict’s reagent, heat mixture in boiling bath for 5 mins. Orange -brown colour= reducing sugar present