key topic 3 Flashcards
When was the Reichstag fire?
27th February 1933
Who did the Nazis blame for the Reichstag fire?
Dutch communist- Marinus van der Lubbe
What did the Reichstag fire allow Hitler to pass?
an Emergency decree- suspended Weimar constitution
What effect did the Reichstag fire have on election?
election was 1 week after the fire (5th March 1933) fear of communist uprising grew
What % did the Nazi-DNVP coalition have?
51.9% (enough to win)
When was the enabling act placed?
23rd March 1933
What did the enabling act state?
Hitler could make laws without the Reichstag.
Why did the enabling act go through?
MPs were fearful of voting against a majority government.
When was political opposition completely removed?
14th July 1933
How was political opposition completely removed?
All political parties were removed apart from Nazis.
What happened to trade union leaders in 1933?
Arrested and sent to concentration camps, workers forced to work for DAF
When was the night of long knives?
30th June 1934
What happened on the night of long knives?
Hitler used the SS to get rid of members of the SA
How did the night of long knives get rid of opposition?
Rohm(powerful rival)/SA members were killed who were planning to take over the army and starting to ruin Nazi reputation.
Hitler killed other opponents such as former chancellor, von schleicher
Why did night of long knives happen?
To secure support of General Werner von Blomberg- 9th april 1934 bomberg agreed to support hitler if he reduced SAs power, remove opposition
When and how did Hitler become Fuhrer?
August 1934, president hindenburg died, Hitler joined roles of president and chancellor to become fuhrer
How was loyalty shown to Hitler during the third reich
Heil Hitler salute, army to swear an oath of allegiance to hitler personally, 2nd august 1934 blomberg added a new oath of allegiance for the army to the fuhrer.
What happened to local governments
Brought under Nazi control, each province (Gaue) controlled by a Nazi (Gauleiter)
What did the Law of Reconstruction of Reich state?
Hitler had total control of local governments
What does Gleichschaltung mean?
Nazi regime combined force and fear to achieve obidience
Who was Heinrich Himmler
In charge of nazi tools of repression, the gestapo, the ss and sd. hitlers closest colleagues. supported idea of aryan race/ inferiority of untermenschen, do what he wanted with no legal punishment
How did nazis control the legal system
Got rid of trials by jury/ only judge trials, judges had to join the Nationalistic socialist league of the maintenance of the law, all judges had to rule in nazi’s favour.
Who was the Gestapo
Hitlers secret police service
Who/when set up/lead the Gestapo
Herrman goering 1933, lead by Reynhard Heydrich in 1934
What was the purpose of the Gestapo
spied on german citizens/ prosecuted people spoke
Who was the SS
Hitlers protection squad
When was the SS set up/lead by
1925, Heinrich Himmler
Who were the SD
Hitlers security service
When was the SD set up/set up by/lead by
1931 by Heinrich Himmler, lead by Reinhard Heydrich
How successful were the Nazi tools of repression
Very, German citizens were afraid and conformed to Nazi regime.
How did german citizens conform to Nazi regime
Be careful of what they said about Nazis at anytime/anywhere, encouraged to spy and report to the Gestapo.
Why was the Church an important threat to Nazi Germany
Church principles opposed Nazi actions, 1933 estiamted 40 million German protestants and 20 million German Catholics, German citizens loyal to church
When was the Reich church founded
1933
Who led the Reich church
Ludwig muller
What did the Reich Church involve?
Stopped preaching old testament (associated with Jews), Nazi phrase “The swastika on our chest and the cross in our heart” blurred lines between God and State.
How were protestants opposing Nazis?
The confessional church founded in 1934 led by Martin Neimoller made up of 6000 chruches, opposed Reich Church
How were catholics opposing nazis?
Loyalty split between pope and hitler,
How did Hitler remove catholic opposition
He and the pope signed a Concordant stating Catholics could keep their schools as long as they did not intervene with Nazi politics
When did the pope and hitler sign the concordant
July 1933
Did hitler follow the concordant between him and the pope
No, he banned catholic schools, youth groups , sent priest to concentration camps, 1937 the pope released a statement showing his anger toward hitler.
Who controlled propaganda ?
Joseph goebbels
What did the Nazi message focus on?
The glory of war, hitler as a powerful leader, the evils of communism, inferiority of jews, glorification of the aryan race
How did film and radio do propaganda?
Films emphasized nazi messages, hitler used radios/loud speakers to reach german society
How did rallies do propaganda?
Showed germany strength, nationalistic pride, Nuremberg Rally
How did the Berlin olympics do propaganda?
Displayed Nazi power, showed off Aryan superiority,
How did Nazis use censorship as propagranda
Burned books written by jews/ disagreed with nazi beliefs, only newspapers supporting nazis beliefs were allowed to operate (1944 nazis controlled 80%)
How successful was propaganda in nazi germany?
very successful until the war. people had radios in their homes and posters scared german citizens etc.
What was the Reich Chamber of Culture
Monitored art and culture to ensure it followed Nazi beliefs.
When was the Reich Chamber of Culture set up?
1933
How were buildings controlled to fit nazi beliefs?
had to be built from traditional materials, reflected beauty like ancient greeks, Albert speer was Hitlers preferred architect
How was music controlled to fit nazi beliefs?
had to be traditional, jazz/ jewish music was banned, betthoven was encouraged
How was art controlled to fit nazi beliefs?
glorify aryan race/ germany
Who were the Edelwiss pirates?
group of youths in rhineland, attacked hitler youth, poor backgrounds, wrote anti-nazi slogans, wore american clothing.
How many edelwiss pirates were there in 1939?
2000
Who were the Swing youth?
influenced by americans, played jazz, smoked/drank alcohol, wealthy backgrounds
What happened to the edelwiss youth during the war
1942- 700 members arrested
1944- 12 publicly hung to send message
What happened to the Swing Youth over the war?
gained more followers
What was the white rose group?
2 Munich students called Hans and Sophie Scholl, published anti-nazi leaflets/graffiti, both executed by the gestapo in 1943
What was the july plot?
Count Stauffenberg tried to kill hitler by putting a bomb in his briefcase, however he was only injured
When was the July plot?
20th july 1944.
What was the outcome of the July plot?
5746 executed
