Key Topic 2: Protest, progress and radicalism, 1960-75 PART 1 Flashcards
who started the Greensboro sit-in?
4 black students
where did the Greensboro sit-ins begin?
woolworths in Greensboro, North Carolina
when did the Greensboro sit-ins begin?
February 1st 1960
when was the Student Non-Violent Co-ordinating Committee created?
15th April 1960
by how much had to sit-ins grown by mid April 1960?
about 50,000 protesters taking part in sit-ins across 55 cities in 13 states
how did CORE and the SCLC contribute to the sit in movement?
sent experienced campaigners to train students in non-violet protest methods
what were the freedom rides 1961?
in 1961 CORE decided to ride buses from the North to the deep South on ‘Freedom rides’ to test if desegregation was happening
when did the freedom rides begin?
14th May 1961
which organisation (and person) was leading the first freedom rides?
James Farmer of CORE
what happened when the freedom rides bus reached Anniston, Alabama?
met by angry mob of 100 KKK members who slashed the tyres, smashed windows and threw firebombs
what did the police chief (Bull Connor) in Birmingham, Alabama order the police not to do?
ordered them not to stop the KKK members attacking the freedom rides
how many freedom riders were jailed?
300
how many people were killed in the riots about James Meredith?
2 people, 160 marshalls injured
what did Martin Luther King call Birmingham, Alabama?
‘the most segregated city in the United States’
why was Birmingham chosen for a civil rights protest?
known for its harsh treatment of black citizens, MLK felt if they achieve progress there, they would win anywhere
what was the name of the police chief in Birmingham?
Bull Connor
what methods did the police use against the protesters in Birmingham?
high pressure hoses, dog attacks and beatings
what were the effects of the campaign in Birmingham?
-both national and international sympathy for black citizens because of televised footage
-negotiations between MLK and Birmingham city officials took place - desegregation of city was agreed
how may people attended the March on Washington? how many were white?
250,000 people attended, 40,000 white protestors
what did the civil rights act 1964 ban?
-discrimination in public spaces
-discrimination in voter registration tests
-banned job discrimination
when did the march from Selma to Montgomery begin?
Sunday March 7th 1965
where was the Selma march stopped by Sheriff Clarks men and state troopers?
Edmund Pettus Bridge
what did President Johnson do on 15th March 1965?
made a speech in congress trying to persuade them to pass his voting rights bill
how did President Johnson intervene in Selma?
he federalised the state troopers and allowed the march to take place - on 21st March MLK led more than 25,000 on a peaceful march
what % of black americans were registered to vote in Selma?
1%
why was President Johnson reluctant to agree to a Voting Rights Bill in 1964?
it was a presidential election year
