Key Topic 2 - Challenges to Elizabeth at home and abroad Flashcards
When was the revolt of the northern earls?
1569
2 reasons why the northern earls rebelled
Earls lost influence at court under Elizabeth
Earls wanted England Catholic; they resented the appointment of James Pikington, protestant, as Bishop of Durham in 1561
2 reasons why revolt of northern earls failed
Spanish support was never delivered
Many landowners did not want to risk losing wealth gained by Henry VIII’s dismissing of monastries by backing a failure
2 features of Ridolfi Plot and its date
1571
Roberto Ridolfi plotted to murder Liz, start a Spanish invasion and put Mary on the throne
Phillip instructed Duke of Alba to prepare 10,000 troops to support
Why did Ridolfi Plot fail?
Sir William Cecil discovered plot and proved Norfolk’s guilt by autumn 1571
2 significances of Ridolfi plot
Reinforced Spanish threat
Proved Mary’s guilt
2 features of Throckmorton Plot and date
1583
French Duke of Guise, Mary’s cousin, plotted to invade and overthrow Liz, free Mary and make England catholic. Francis Throckmorton would pass letters between Mary and plotters
However, Sir Francis Walsingham’s spies found papers at Throckmorton’s house in November 1583
What happened to Francis Throckmorton?
Arrested and tortured in November 1583. He confessed and was killed in May 1584
2 significances of Throckmorton plot
11,000 Catholics were imprisoned/under surveillance
1585 Act of Parliament made aiding Catholic priests punishable by death
2 points of Babington plot and date
1586
Anthony Babington wrote to Mary in July 1586, proposing that French Duke of Guise would invade and kill Liz and put Mary on the throne
Walsingham read these letters, and plotters were hanged, drawn and quatered
2 significances of Babington plot
October 1586, Mary was sentenced to death. She was beheaded in February 1587
In 1586, 31 priests were executed
2 features of Walsingham’s spy network
Used agent provocateurs to encourage plotters to justify their arrest Used ciphers (codes) for letters. He could also decipher letters of plotters, with help of Thomas Phelippes
2 reasons why Mary was executed
Involved in plots
The pope excommunicated Liz in 1570, making Mary an alternative Catholic monarch (Catholics saw her as legitimate)
2 points of English aid to Dutch ‘sea beggars’
Support in fighting the Spanish, led by John Casimir, a foreign mercenary
English privateers encouraged to attack Spanish shipping
2 points of Spanish Fury and the Pacification of Ghent
Lack of funds for Spanish soldiers meant troops looted Antwerp
After this, 17 Dutch divisions, catholic and Protestant, united against the Spanish, drawn in a document called the Pacification of Ghent
When was Treaty of Joinville signed?
1584
2 points of Drake’s privateering against Spain
In 1572, Drake captured £40,000 of Spanish gold in one raid
1577-80, saw Drake capture £400,000 of Spanish gold and silver
2 points of Treaty of Nonsuch
1585, with Dutch rebels
England would pay for an army on 7,400 men, led by Robert Dudley
2 reasons why 1585-88 campaign in Netherlands was unsuccessful
Some of Dudley’s officers, William Stanley and Robert York, defected to Spain, damaging relation with Dutch
Dudley failed to stop Spanish from capturing a deep-water port in Ostend
2 points of Drake’s attack on Cadiz (Singeing of the King’s beard)
March 1587, Liz ordered Drake to attack Spanish navy
Between, 19 and 22 April, he attacked Cadiz, destroying 30 ships and many supplies, delaying the Armada a year
2 points of Phillips’s strategy in the armada
Used 130 and 2431 guns across English channel to Netherlands
From there, ships would join Duke of Parma and move 27,000 troops to Kent
Timeline of the Spanish Armada, 1588
29 July - Armada spotted in English Channel
31 July - Battle of Plymouth. 2 spanish ships caught
3-4 August - Battle of Isle of Wight. Spanish outgunned by English and forced further up the Channel
8 August - Battle of Gravelines. Drake’s fireships cause Spanish to scatter and never link with the Duke of Parma
3 reasons for English victory in Armada
Drake’s fireships cause captains to panic, cutting their anchors so their ships drifted in North sea
Spanish fleet at sea for 10 weeks, food had rotted
English canons mounted on smaller gun carriages than on Spanish ships, allowing faster reload
2 consequences of English armada victory
More protestants as victory suggested God was on Liz’s side
Boosted english navy, encouraging exploration
