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Liberalism > Key Thinkers > Flashcards

Key Thinkers Flashcards

1
Q

What was John Locke’s key work

A

Two Treatises Of Government (1690)

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2
Q

What is the summary of locke’s ideas

A

Denied the right that a monarch had a “Divine Right”

He liked the idea of a state of nature

The state would only work with natural laws and rights and the separation of powers

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3
Q

What was the significance of Locke

A

It influenced many revolutions and the stopping of many monarchs like the American war of independence and the French Revolution

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4
Q

Lockes view on human nature

A

Humans are rational, guided by self-interest but mindful of other concerns

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5
Q

Lockes view on the state

A

It must be representative, based on the consent of the governed

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6
Q

Lockes view on society

A

it predates the state, there were natural society’s with natural laws and rights

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7
Q

Lockes view on the economy

A

State policy should allow private house ownership, and arbitrate effectively between individuals competing for trade and resources

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8
Q

What are Wollstonecraft key works

A

The vindication of the rights of men/women

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9
Q

What is Wollstonecraft summary of ideas

A

Believed in he enlightenments optimistic view of human nature

A vindication of the rights of men trashed edmund burkes view on the french revolution, and applauded their view on citizens rather than gender

Pushed support for the republican party and a constitutional defense of individual rights

Argued that england was stopping half their brainpower while not supporting women

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10
Q

Significance of Wollstonecraft

A

She influenced many women and started the baseline for feminism

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11
Q

Wollstonecraft view on human Nature

A

Rationalism defines both genders, intellectually, men and women aren’t very different

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12
Q

Wollstonecraft view on the state

A

the monarch ran state should be replaced by a republic, which enshrines women’s rights

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13
Q

Wollstonecraft view on society

A

Society has made women’s minds worse and therefore stifled the female individualism

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14
Q

Wollstonecraft view on the economy

A

A free-market economy would be energized by the introduction of women

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15
Q

What is John Stuart Mills key work

A

On liberty

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16
Q

John Stuart Mills summary of views

A

On liberty outlined negative freedom and that peoples action should be accepted if they don’t affect others negatively

He believed that actions that included violent and riotous behaviour disrupted people’s freedom and therefore shouldn’t be allowed

He saw liberty as an “Engine of ongoing human development” rather than just a “natural light”

He wanted to not just liberate individuals but introduce “Individuality” instead to them

His distinction between “Individualism” and “individuality” would have implications for democracy and making up for the “Tyranny of the government”

17
Q

Significance of John Stuart Mill

A

One of the greatest thinkers and philosophers. Was not just an intellectual but also a campaigner and politician

18
Q

John Stuart Mills view of Human Nature

A

Though fundamentally rational, human nature is not fixed, it is forever evolving to a higher level

19
Q

John Stuart Mills view of the state

A

The state should proceed cautiously towards representative democracy, mindful of minority rights

20
Q

John Stuart Mills view of society

A

The Best society was one were “Individuality” co-existed with tolerance and self-improvement

21
Q

John Stuart Mills view of the economy

A

Laissez-faire capitalism was vital to progress, individual enterprise and individual initiative

22
Q

T H Green’s key work

A

Prolegomena to Ethics and lectures on the principles of political obligation

23
Q

Summary of T H Green’s views

A

argued that if people were working 20 hours a day just to go home to a slum and risk dying of diseases, was it really freedom

Pushed positive freedom saying that the state needs to help, otherwise people wont be free

To be truly free people have to be free of hunger, poverty and poor health

24
Q

significance of T H Green

A

Green was a social liberal arguing that any government had to be active in ensuring liberty for its citizens through the introduction of progressive social legislation and state aid.

25
Q

T H Greens view on the economy

A

Anti-capitalistic laissez faire, where the state should intervene to help the poor

26
Q

T H Greens view on the state

A

Must do more to enable society and people

27
Q

John Rawls Key work

A

A theory of Justice

28
Q

Summary of John Rawls ideas

A

Argued for foundational equity

Said that a wealth distribution was needed saying most of society would give more money to the poor if they had a chance of being poor

Said redistribution would work by higher taxes and wealth distribution was a liberal idea

Argued that it wasn’t socialist due to the wealth gap between the poorest and the riches would be the same, just society would be fairer

29
Q

John Rawls view on Human Nature

A

Mankind is selfish yet empathetic, valuing both individual liberty and the plight of those around them

30
Q

John Rawls view on the state

A

The state should enable less fortunate individuals to advance, via public spending and public services

31
Q

John Rawls view on society

A

The society most individuals would choose would be the one were the poor are treated better

32
Q

John Rawls view on the economy

A

Free-market capitalism should be tempered by the states obligation to advance its poorest citizens

33
Q

Betty Friedan’s Key work

A

The feminine mystique

34
Q

Betty Friedan’s summary of ideas

A

She argued that individuals should be free to seek control over their own lives, but saw gender as a hindrance

She said it was il-liberal attitudes in society, rather than human nature that made women underachieve, spread through the media

These channels of “cultural conditioning” left many women convinced that their life was determined by human nature rather than their rationality and enterprise

35
Q

Betty Friedan’s significance

A

An influential thinker in the 1960s who tied feminism to liberalism arguing that progress for women could be achieved through working with the liberal state rather than against it.

36
Q

Betty Friedan’s view of human nature

A

Human nature has evolved in a way that discourages self-advancement among women

37
Q

Betty Friedan’s view of the state

A

The sate should legislate to prevent continued discrimination against female individuals

38
Q

Betty Friedan’s view of society

A

Society remained chauvinistic towards women, though women were complicit in their repression

39
Q

Betty Friedan’s view of the economy

A

free-market capitalism could be an ally of female emancipation if allied to legislation precluding sexual discrimination

Liberalism (2 decks)

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