Key Theories

Question 1

What is morality?

Answer 1

MORALITY - concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong (rather universal)

Question 2

What are ethics?

Answer 2

ETHICS – a system of moral principles and a branch of philosophy which defines what is good for individuals and society (may differ in different cultures)

Question 3

Explain the theory of utilitarian/consequentialism?

Answer 3

UTILITARIAN/CONSEQUENTIALISM (Teleological-telos, greek purpose)
• An act is evaluated solely in term of its consequences
• Maximising good and minimizing harm
• Types: hedonistic, rule, act, preference
• The “greatest happiness principle” of John Stuart Mill
• Know the criticisms!

Question 4

Explain the theory of kantianism

Answer 4

KANTIANISM (Deontological-rightness/wrongness)
• Features of the act themselves determine worthiness (goodness) of that act
• Following natural laws and rights
• Categorical imperatives - a set of universal moral premises from which the duties are
derived (do not lie; do not kill; …)
• A person is an end itself, never a means to an end
• deon = duty (from the Greek)
• Know the criticisms!

Question 5

Explain the theory of virtue ethics?

Answer 5

VIRTUE ETHICS (Deontological)
• Focus is on the kind of person who is acting, deemphasizes rules
• Is the person in action expressing good character or not?
• We become virtuous only by practicing virtuous actions
• Integration of reason and emotion
• The Five Focal Virtues:
i Compassion
ii Discernment
iii Trustworthiness
iv Integrity
v Conscientiousness
• Know the criticisms!

Question 6

Explain the four principles? (prima facie)

Answer 6

THE FOUR PRINCIPLES (Prima Facie)
• Autonomy (self-rule, the obligation to respect the decisions of our patients) Ø The decision is intentional
Ø The decision is done with understanding
Ø There are no major controlling influences over the decision
• Benevolence (providing benefits, balancing the benefits against risks)
• Non-maleficence (do no harm, reduce or prevent harm)
This is not an official University document. It was made by a student as a simple review of the 6 study material. Beware of any potential inaccuracies: GO TO LECTURES pals ;)
• Justice (Utility/QUALY, need vs. benefit, fairness in the distribution of benefits and risks)

Question 7

What are the “duties of a doctor”? -GMC

Answer 7

GMC “DUTIES OF A DOCTOR”
• Protect and promote the health of patients and the public
• Provide good standard of practice and care
• Recognise and work within the limits of your competence
• Work with colleagues in the ways that best serve patients’ interests
• Treat patients as individuals and respect their dignity