Key Terms (Syllabus Mapped)

Question 1

Power and Authority: Survey

Answer 1

• Paris Peace Conference
• Treaty of Versailles, St-Germain, Neuilly-sur-Seine, Trianon, Sevres
• limits to military, reparations, lost territories, revised, empire broken up, serious backlash
• collective consequences: destroyed empires, created new nations, promoted nationalist aspirations, widespread resentment

Question 2

Power and Authority: Rise of dictatorships after WWI

Answer 2

• conditions enabling dictator rise: pre-war conditions, the great war, post-war political struggle, great depression 1929-1933
• Italy - Benito Mussolini
• Japan - Hideki Tojo
• Russia - Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin

Question 3

Power and Authority: The Nazi Regime to 1939

Answer 3

• collapse of Weimar republic
• rise of the Nazi party
• 1923 occupation of the Ruhr and hyperinflation
• 1923 beer hall putsch
• ideology: anti-Semitic, anti-Marxist, nationalistic
• death of Hindenburg
• police state: gestapo, SS
• enabling act
• Fuhrer = President + Chancellor
• Hermann Goering, Joseph Goebbels, Heinrich Himmler, Martin Bormann
• gleichschaltung
• concentration camps
• terror and repression
• propaganda and citizenship
• cult of personality
• ‘aryan clause’ 1933
• Nuremberg laws 1935
• cultural expression
• women, religion, youth
• opposition: political parties, workers, youth groups, military

Question 4

Power and Authority: search for peace and security in the world

Answer 4

• Ambitions of Germany in Europe: Lebensraum (living space)
• Ambitions of Japan in Asia-Pacific: expansion
• League of Nations
• 1930s failures: Japanese invasion of Manchuria, failure of disarmament conference, Italian invasion of Abyssinia
• 1920s successes: over 400 000 prisoners of war returned home, freed over 200 000 slaves, health committee, avoided war between Sweden and Finland
• Reasons for failures: self-interest, lack of troops and important countries, ToV unfair, decisions slow, sanctions ineffective
• Kellogg-Briand Pact / Pact of Paris 1928, outlawed war
• United Nations
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Question 5

Russia: Survey

Answer 5

• Kornilov Revolt
• October Revolution 1917
• ‘Peace, Bread, Land’ ‘All Power to the Soviets’
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1917
• Civil War 1918
• War Communism
• New Economic Policy (NEP) 1921

Question 6

Russia: Bolsheviks, Power Struggle

Answer 6

• Red Guards, Cheka
• Zhenotdel (Armand, Kollontai)
• Proletarian Culture
• Treaty on Creation of USSR 1922
• Lenin’s Political Will 1922
• Lenin died 1924
• First clash: ‘Scissors Crisis’
• Second clash: Direction of the party
• Troika, United Opposition, Stalin-Bukharin

Question 7

Russia: Soviet State under Stalin

Answer 7

• totalitarianism
• collectivisation
• five year plans 1928
• purges, ‘Great Terror’
• show trials 1936
• gulags
• religion, education, culture, role of women

Question 8

Russia: Soviet Foreign Policy

Answer 8

• security, survival, industrial superpower
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918
• Treaty of Rapallo 1922
• 1925-1932 peaceful coexistence
• 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact
• 1934 USSR joined League of Nations
• 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

Question 9

Cold War: Origins 1945-1953

Answer 9

• early conferences: Yalta, Potsdam
• Truman doctrine, Marshall Plan
• early crisis: Berlin blockade and airlift 1948, China becomes communist 1949, Korean War 1950-53
• communism vs capitalism, democracy vs dictatorship, Christianity vs atheism

Question 10

Cold War: Development to 1968

Answer 10

• containment
• domino theory
• peaceful coexistence (spheres of influence)
• superpower rivalry: arms and space race
• crises: Berlin Wall 1961, Cuban Missile Crisis 1962, Czechoslovakia 1968

Question 11

Cold War: Detente 1968-1989

Answer 11

• economic, political and social reasons for detente
• Vietnam War
• Sino-Soviet Split 1960s
• Conflicts in the Middle East: Six Day War 1967, Arab-Israeli/Yom Kippur War 1973, Camp David Agreements
• SALT I and II
• Helsinki Agreement
• Symbolism, 1972 Nixon visits Moscow, 1973 Brezhnev visits Washington, 1975 Russian-Soyuz mission

Question 12

Cold War: Renewal and End

Answer 12

• Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1989
• Carter Docrine
• Reagan: Star Wars Program, covert operations, opposed detente and SALT II, supple side economics
• Gorbachev: glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economy, failed), allowed countries to leave Soviet bloc
• destruction of Berlin Wall
• Disarmament agreements: Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) 1987, Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE) 1990, START 1 Treaty 1991
• collapse of communism

Question 13

Cultural Revolution: Survey

Answer 13

• 3 major political campaigns
• five-year plan 1953
• Great Leap Forward, Backward
  Socialist education campaign 1962
• ‘Three Bitter Years’ 1959-62
• Sino-Soviet relations, split
• tensions between CCP and Mao
• Hai Rui Dismissed From Office

Question 14

Cultural Revolution: GPCR

Answer 14

• Aims of Mao: ideological renewal, reassert control, dictate future direction of China
• Little Red Book
• Gang of Four
• Red Guards ‘four olds’
• ‘Bombard the headquarters’
• purging of Deng Xiaoping ‘capitalist roader’
• torn loyalty of PLA
• Flight of Lin Biao
• impact on society, economy, education and culture
• foreign policy

Question 15

Cultural Revolution: Deng Xiaoping and Modernisation

Answer 15

• death of Zhou Enlai: official and unofficial
• Deng purged again
• death of Mao
• Hua Guofeng
• Arrest of Gang of Four
• four cardinal principles
• ‘socialism with Chinese characteristics’, throwing away the ‘iron rice bowl’
• ‘four modernisations’
• responsibility system
• SEZs, Shenzhen
• education
• one-child policy

Question 16

Cultural Revolution: Tiananmen Square

Answer 16

• demand for social, economic and political reform
• Events leading to June Fourth Incident 1989
• military and political response
• Jiang Zemin became General Secretary, pushed ‘socialist market economy’
• student leaders imprisoned, sent to harsh labour camps or escaped
• world initially condemned Tiananmen Massacre
• communist countries supported China