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Key Terms - Reverse Flashcards

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1
Q

two-house legislature

A

Bicameral legislature

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2
Q

money granted by the federal government to the states for a broad purpose ( e.g., transportation) rather than for a narrow purpose (e.g., school lunch program)

A

Block grant

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3
Q

money granted by the federal government to the states for a narrow purpose ( e.g., school lunch program) rather than for a broad purpose (e.g., transportation)

A

Categorical grant

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4
Q

those who favor greater national authority rather than state authority

A

Centralists

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5
Q

system in which each branch of government can limit the power of the other two branches, e.g., presidential veto of a congressional law

A

Checks and balances

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6
Q

gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states, with foreign nations, and among Indian tribes. Granted through Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution

A

Commerce clause

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7
Q

those held by both Congress and the states, e.g., establishing law enforcement agencies

A

Concurrent powers

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8
Q

system in which sovereign states are only loosely tied to a central government, e.g., the US under the Articles of Confederation

A

Confederation

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9
Q

those who favor greater state authority rather than national authority

A

Decentralists

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10
Q

system in which the people rule themselves

A

Direct democracy

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11
Q

states that Congress can exercise those powers that are “necessary and proper” for carrying out the enumerated powers, e.g., establishment of the first Bank of the United States

A

Elastic clause

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12
Q

those that are specifically granted to Congress in Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution, e.g., the power to tax; also known as expressed powers

A

Enumerated powers

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13
Q

those that are specifically granted to Congress in Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution, e.g., the power to tax; also known as enumerated powers

A

Expressed powers

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14
Q

constitutional sharing of power between a central government and state governments (types: dual, cooperative, new)

A

Federalism

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15
Q

system in which the national government and state governments are coequal, with each being dominant within its respective sphere

A

Dual federalism

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16
Q

system in which both federal government and state governments cooperate in solving problems

A

Cooperative federalism

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17
Q

system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states

A

New Federalism

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18
Q

group of 85 essays written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay for the purpose of persuading the people of New York to adopt the Constitution

A

Federalist Papers

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19
Q

a change in the actual wording of the Constitution. Proposed by Congress or national convention, and ratified by the states

A

Formal amendment

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20
Q

those that are “necessary and proper” to carry out Congress’ enumerated powers, and are granted to Congress through the elastic clause

A

Implied powers

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21
Q

system in which the people are rule by their representatives; also known as representative democracy, or republic

A

Indirect democracy

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22
Q

system in which the people are rule by their representatives; also known as indirect democracy, or republic

A

Representative democracy

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23
Q

system in which the people are rule by their representatives; also known as indirect democracy, or representative democracy

A

Republic

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24
Q

foreign policy powers (e.g., acquiring territory) held by the national government by virtue of its being a national government

A

Inherent powers

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25
Q

a change in the meaning, but not the wording, of the Constitution, e.g., through a court decisions such as Brown v. Board

A

Informal amendment

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26
Q

power of the courts to rule on the constitutionality of laws and government actions; established by Marbury v. Madison, 1803

A

Judicial review

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27
Q

requirements imposed by the national government upon the states; some are unfunded mandates, i.e., they are imposed by the national government, but lack funding

A

Mandates

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28
Q

requirements imposed by the national government upon the states, but lack funding

A

Unfunded mandates

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29
Q

established the power of judicial review

A

Marbury v. Madison, 1803

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30
Q

established principle of national supremacy and validity of implied powers

A

McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

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31
Q

powers of the states to protect the public health, safety, morals, and welfare of the public

A

Police powers

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32
Q

principle in which ultimate political authority rests with the people

A

Popular sovereignty

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33
Q

powers held by the states through the 10th Amendment; any power not granted to the US government is “reserved” for the states

A

Reserved powers

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34
Q

principle in which the powers of government are separated among three branches: legislative, executive, judicial

A

Separation of powers

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35
Q

1786 revolt by Massachusetts farmers seeking relief from debt and foreclosure that was a factor in the calling of the Constitutional Convention

A

Shays’ Rebellion

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36
Q

a majority greater than a simple majority of one over half, e.g., 3/5, 2/3

A

Supermajority

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37
Q

one-house legislature

A

Unicameral legislature

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38
Q

those who follow politics and public affairs carefully

A

Attentive public

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39
Q

secret ballot printed at the expense of the state

A

Australian ballot

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40
Q

occurs when a presidential nominee chooses a vice presidential running mate who has different qualities in order to attract more votes for the ticket

A

Balancing the ticket

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41
Q

election to choose candidates that is open to independents, and that allows voters to choose candidates from all the parties

A

Blanket primary

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42
Q

local party meeting

A

Caucus

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43
Q

party election to choose candidates that is closed to independents; voters may not cross party lines

A

Closed primary

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44
Q

the influence of a popular presidential candidate on the election of congressional candidates of the same party

A

Coattail effect

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45
Q

characteristics of populations, e.g., race, sex, income

A

Demographics

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46
Q

election of an official directly by the people rather than by an intermediary group such as the Electoral College

A

Direct election

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47
Q

election in which the people choose candidates for office

A

Direct primary

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48
Q

terms of office that have a definite length of time, e.g., two years for a member of the House

A

Fixed terms

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49
Q

scheduling presidential primary elections early (e.g., February or March) in an election year

A

Front loading

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50
Q

difference in voting patterns for men and women, particularly in the greater tendency of the latter to vote for Democratic presidential candidates

A

Gender gap

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51
Q

election in which the officeholders are chosen; contrast with a primary election, in which only the candidates are chosen

A

General election

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52
Q

campaign contributions donated directly to candidates

A

Hard money

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53
Q

set of beliefs about political values and the role of government

A

Ideology

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54
Q

an officeholder who is seeking reelection

A

Incumbent

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55
Q

one is not registered with a political party; independent leaners tend to vote for candidates of one particular party, whereas pure independents have no consistent pattern of party voting

A

Independent

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56
Q

tend to vote for candidates of one particular party

A

Independent leaners

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57
Q

have no consistent pattern of party voting

A

Pure leaners

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58
Q

ads that focus on issues and do not explicitly encourage citizens to vote for a certain candidate

A

Issue advocacy ads

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59
Q

election to choose candidates that is open to independents, and in which voters may choose candidates from any one party

A

Open primary

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60
Q

a sense of affiliation that a person has with a particular political party

A

Party identification

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61
Q

a list of positions and programs that the party adopts at the national convention; each position is called a plank

A

Party platform

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62
Q

each position in a party platform

A

Plank

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63
Q

the widely shared beliefs, values, and norms that citizens share about their government

A

Political culture

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64
Q

more votes than anyone else, but less than half, e.g., Clinton won a plurality (43%) of popular votes in 1992, but not a majority; plurality elections such as those for Congress are won by the person with the most votes, regardless if he/she has a majority

A

Plurality

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65
Q

elections won by the person with the most votes, regardless if he/she has a majority

A

Plurality elections

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66
Q

capacity to understand and influence political events

A

Political efficacy

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67
Q

process in which one acquires his/her political beliefs

A

Political socialization

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68
Q

an election in which there is a long term change in party alignment, e.g., 1932

A

Realigning (“critical”) election

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69
Q

an election in which there is a long term change in party alignment, e.g., 1932

A

Realigning election

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70
Q

an election in which there is a long term change in party alignment, e.g., 1932

A

Critical election

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71
Q

an office that is extremely likely to be won by a particular candidate or political party

A

Safe seat

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72
Q

system in which the people elect one representative per district; with a winner-take-all rule, this system strengthens the two major parties and weakens minor parties

A

Single member district system

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73
Q

system in which the people elect one representative per district; with a single member district system, this strengthens the two major parties and weakens minor parties

A

Winner-take-all rule

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74
Q

campaign contributions that are not donated directly to candidates, but are instead donated to parties

A

Soft money

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75
Q

historically, the South voted solidly Democratic; however, the South is now strongly Republican: Bush carried every Southern state in 2000

A

Solid South

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76
Q

casting votes for candidates of one’s own party and for candidates of opposing parties, e.g., voting for a Republican presidential candidate and a Democratic congressional candidate

A

Split ticket voting

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77
Q

casting votes only for candidates of one’s party

A

Straight ticket voting

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78
Q

the right to vote

A

Suffrage

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79
Q

a delegate to the Democratic national convention who is there by virtue of holding an office

A

Superdelegate

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80
Q

a Tuesday in early March in which many presidential primaries, particularly in the South, are held

A

Super Tuesday

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81
Q

a state that does not consistently vote either Democratic or Republican in presidential elections

A

Swing state

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82
Q

“friend of the court” brief filed by an interest group to influence a Supreme Court decision

A

Amicus curiae brief

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83
Q

contention that parties are less meaningful to voters, who have abandoned the parties in greater numbers to become independents

A

Dealignment argument

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84
Q

government in which one party controls the presidency while another party controls the Congress

A

Divided government

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85
Q

theory that upper class elites exercise great influence over public policy

A

Elite theory

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86
Q

term used by Madison to denote what we now call interest groups

A

Factions

87
Q

FCC rule (no longer in effect) that required broadcasters to air a variety of viewpoints on their programs

A

Fairness Doctrine

88
Q

Fairness Doctrine (no longer in effect) that required broadcasters to air a variety of viewpoints on their programs

A

FCC Rule

89
Q

just as sharks engage in a feeding frenzy when they sense blood in the water, the media “attack” when they sense wrongdoing or scandal in government, and devote great amounts of coverage to such stories

A

Feeding frenzy

90
Q

the problem faced by interest groups when citizens can reap the benefits of interest group action without actually joining, participating in, or contributing money to such groups

A

Free rider problem

91
Q

the tendency of the media to report on an election campaign as if it were a horse race, i.e., who is ahead, who is behind, who is gaining ground

A

Horse race coverage

92
Q

an informal association of federal agency, congressional committee, and interest group that is said to have heavy influence over policy making

A

Iron triangle

93
Q

the act or process of carrying out a lawsuit

A

Litigation

94
Q

attempting to influence policy makers

A

Lobbying

95
Q

elections in which candidates are not identified by party membership on the ballot

A

Nonpartisan elections

96
Q

ballot in which candidates are arranged by office rather than party; encourages split ticket voting

A

Office column ballot

97
Q

ballot in which candidates are arranged by party rather than office; encourages straight ticket voting

A

Party column ballot

98
Q

a staged campaign event that attracts favorable visual media coverage, e.g., a candidate reading to a group of school children

A

Photo opportunity

99
Q

theory that policy making is the result of interest group competition

A

Pluralism

100
Q

an interest group that raises funds and donates to election campaigns

A

Political Action Committee (PAC)

101
Q

appointing loyal party members to government positions

A

Patronage

102
Q

the cycle in which a person alternately works for the public sector and private sector, thus blurring the individual’s sense of loyalty

A

Revolving door

103
Q

the practice of selectively choosing media sources which are in harmony with one’s own beliefs

A

Selective exposure

104
Q

the practice of perceiving media messages the way one wants to

A

Selective perception

105
Q

a short, pithy comment that is likely to attract media attention, e.g., Ronald Reagan saying, “A recession is when your neighbor loses his job, a depression is when you lose your job, and recovery is when Jimmy Carter loses his job”

A

Sound bite

106
Q

placing a certain slant on a story to deflect negative public attention against a candidate or office holder

A

Spin control

107
Q

an abandoned rule of the Democratic Party national convention in which the candidate with the most delegates from a state won all of that state’s convention votes

A

Unit rule

108
Q

money that Congress has allocated to be spent

A

Appropriation

109
Q

congressional committee that deals with federal spending

A

Appropriations Committee

110
Q

authority of a court to hear an appeal from a lower court

A

Appellate jurisdiction

111
Q

departments, agencies, bureaus, and commissions in the executive branch of government

A

Bureaucracy

112
Q

personal work done by a member of Congress for his constituents

A

Casework

113
Q

concerns noncriminal disputes between private parties

A

Civil law

114
Q

lawsuit brought on behalf of a class of people against a defendant, e.g., lawsuits brought by those who have suffered from smoking against tobacco companies

A

Class action lawsuit

115
Q

Rules Committee rule that bans amendments to a bill

A

Closed rule

116
Q

Senate motion to end a filibuster that requires a 3/5 vote

A

Cloture

117
Q

written by a Supreme Court Justice who voted with the majority, but for different reasons

A

Concurring opinion

118
Q

works out a compromise between differing House-Senate versions of a bill

A

Conference committee

119
Q

the people who are represented by elected officials

A

Constituents

120
Q

a motion to force a bill to the House floor that has been bottled up in committee

A

Discharge petition

121
Q

written by a Supreme Court Justice (or Justices) who express a minority viewpoint in a case

A

Dissenting opinion

122
Q

an agreement between the President and another head of state that, unlike a treaty, does not require Senate consent

A

Executive agreement

123
Q

presidential rule or regulation that has the force of law

A

Executive order

124
Q

the privilege of a President and his staff to withhold their “privileged” conversations from Congress or the courts

A

Executive privilege

125
Q

nonstop Senate debate that prevents a bill from coming to a vote

A

Filibuster

126
Q

Senate committee that handles tax bills

A

Finance Committee

127
Q

allows members of Congress to send mail postage free

A

Franking privilege

128
Q

redrawing district lines to favor one party at the expense of the other

A

Gerrymandering

129
Q

Senate maneuver that allows a Senator to stop or delay consideration of a bill or presidential appointment

A

Hold

130
Q

House action that formally charges an official with wrongdoing. Conviction requires 2/3 vote from the Senate

A

Impeachment

131
Q

refusal of a President to spend money that has been appropriated by Congress

A

Impoundment

132
Q

court order that forbids a party from performing a certain action

A

Injunction

133
Q

philosophy that the courts should take an active role in solving problems

A

Judicial activism

134
Q

philosophy that the courts should defer to elected lawmakers in setting policy, and should instead focus on interpreting law rather than making law

A

Judicial restraint

135
Q

power of the courts to review the constitutionality of laws or government actions

A

Judicial review

136
Q

ongoing process of congressional monitoring of the executive branch to ensure that the latter complies with the law

A

Legislative oversight

137
Q

process in which Congress overturned rules and regulations proposed by executive branch agencies; struck down in 1983

A

Legislative veto

138
Q

power of most governors (and President Clinton for only a few years) to delete or reduce funding in a bill on a line by line basis

A

Line item veto

139
Q

when two members of Congress agree to vote for each other’s bill

A

Logrolling

140
Q

written to express the majority viewpoint in a Supreme Court case

A

Majority opinion

141
Q

committee action to amend a proposed bill

A

Mark up

142
Q

system of hiring federal workers based upon competitive exams

A

Merit system

143
Q

House Rules Committee rule that allows amendments to a bill

A

Open rule

144
Q

authority of a court to first hear a case

A

Original jurisdiction

145
Q

power to appoint loyal party members to federal positions; also known as spoils system

A

Patronage

146
Q

presidential killing of a bill by inaction after Congress adjourns

A

Pocket veto

147
Q

those who have received presidential appointments to office; contrast with Civil Service employees, who receive federal jobs by competitive exams

A

Political appointees

148
Q

wasteful congressional spending, e.g. funding for a Lawrence Welk museum in North Dakota

A

Pork barrel

149
Q

minimum number of members needed for the House or Senate to meet

A

Quorum

150
Q

reallocation of House seats to the states on the basis of changes in state populations, as determined by the census

A

Reapportionment

151
Q

redrawing of congressional district boundaries by the party in power of the state legislature

A

Redistricting

152
Q

complex rules and procedures required by bureaucratic agencies

A

Red tape

153
Q

the Supreme Court’s sending of a case back to the original court in which it was heard

A

Remand

154
Q

amendment to a bill that has little to do with that bill; also known as a nongermane amendment

A

Rider

155
Q

amendment to a bill that has little to do with that bill; also known as a rider

A

Nongermane amendment

156
Q

the Supreme Court will hear a case if four Justices agree to do so

A

Rule of four

157
Q

the “traffic cop” of the House that sets the legislative calendar and issues rules for debate on a bill

A

Rules Committee

158
Q

tradition in which the President consults with the senators within a state in which an appointment is to be made

A

Senatorial courtesy

159
Q

tradition in which the Senator from the majority party with the most years of service on a committee becomes the chairman of that committee

A

Seniority system

160
Q

power to appoint loyal party members to federal positions; also known as a patronage

A

Spoils system

161
Q

the permanent congressional committees that handle legislation

A

Standing committees

162
Q

Latin for “let the decision stand,” Supreme Court policy of following precedent in deciding cases

A

Stare decisis

163
Q

laws that automatically expire after a given time

A

Sunset laws

164
Q

House committee that handles tax bills

A

Ways and Means Committee

165
Q

an employee who exposes unethical or illegal conduct within the federal government or one of its contractors

A

Whistleblower

166
Q

issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court to send up the records of a case so that it can be reviewed by the high court

A

Writ of certiorari

167
Q

court order that the authorities show cause for why they are holding a prisoner in custody; deters unlawful imprisonment

A

Writ of habeas corpus

168
Q

court order directing a party to perform a certain action

A

Writ of mandamus

169
Q

support from both parties for policy, e.g., a bipartisan foreign policy

A

Bipartisanship

170
Q

results when federal expenditures exceed federal revenues for a one year period

A

Budget deficit

171
Q

the federal government’s practice of spending more money than it takes in as revenues

A

Deficit spending

172
Q

elimination of federal regulations on private companies

A

Deregulation

173
Q

federal benefit payments to which recipients have a legal right, e.g., Social Security; also known as uncontrollables

A

Entitlements

174
Q

federal benefit payments to which recipients have a legal right, e.g., Social Security; also known as entitlements

A

Uncontrollables

175
Q

taxing and spending policies

A

Fiscal policy

176
Q

requiring that those who receive federal benefits show a need for them

A

Means testing

177
Q

Federal Reserve Board’s regulation of the supply of money in circulation

A

Monetary policy

178
Q

total debt owed by the federal government due to past borrowing; also known as the public debt

A

National debt

179
Q

total debt owed by the federal government due to past borrowing; also known as the national debt

A

Public debt

180
Q

federal financial aid to individuals, e.g., welfare, food stamps, agricultural subsidies

A

Subsidy

181
Q

personal freedoms, e.g., speech, assembly, religion

A

Civil liberties

182
Q

protections against discrimination

A

Civil rights

183
Q

judicial interpretation of Amendment 1 that government may not ban speech unless such speech poses an imminent threat to society

A

Clear and present danger doctrine

184
Q

segregation “by fact,” i.e., segregation that results from such factors as housing patterns rather than law

A

De facto segregation

185
Q

segregation by law, i.e., segregation that is required by government

A

De jure segregation

186
Q

being prosecuted twice for the same offense; banned by Amendment 5

A

Double jeopardy

187
Q

prohibits the national government (5th Amendment) and states (14th Amendment) from denying life, liberty, or property without due process of law

A

Due process clause

188
Q

14th Amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination

A

Equal protection clause

189
Q

the right of government to take private property for the public good; fair compensation must be paid to the owner of such property

A

Eminent domain

190
Q

provision of Amendment 1 that prohibits Congress from establishing an official state religion; this is the basis for separation of church and state

A

Establishment clause

191
Q

Supreme Court guideline that excludes the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial

A

Exclusionary rule

192
Q

provision of Amendment 1 stating that Congress may not prohibit the free exercise of religion

A

Free exercise clause

193
Q

Southern laws that excluded blacks from exercising suffrage by restricting the right to vote only to those whose grandfathers had voted before 1865

A

Grandfather clause

194
Q

determines whether or not to bring criminal charges against a suspect

A

Grand jury

195
Q

applying the Bill of Rights to the states. A “total incorporation” view is that the states must obey all provisions of the Bill of Rights because of the due process clause of the 14th Amendment. (types: total and selective)

A

Incorporation

196
Q

a view that the states must obey all provisions of the Bill of Rights because of the due process clause of the 14th Amendment

A

Total incorporation

197
Q

a view that the Bill of Rights is to be applied to the states in a more gradual manner on a case by case basis, also via the due process clause of the 14th Amendment

A

Selective incorporation

198
Q

grand jury order that a suspect must stand trial for a criminal offense

A

Indictment

199
Q

Southern laws that required racial segregation in places of public accommodation

A

Jim Crow laws

200
Q

written untruths that damage a reputation

A

Libel

201
Q

Southern method of excluding blacks from exercising suffrage by requiring that voters prove their ability to read and write

A

Literacy test

202
Q

warnings that must be read to suspects prior to questioning. Suspects must be advised that they have the rights of silence and counsel

A

Miranda warnings

203
Q

arrangement in which a suspect pleads guilty to a lesser offense in order to avoid a trial; the manner in which most cases are disposed of

A

Plea bargain

204
Q

powers that allow states to pass laws protecting the health, welfare, safety, and morals of their residents

A

Police powers

205
Q

Southern method of excluding blacks from exercising suffrage by requiring payment of a tax prior to voting

A

Poll tax

206
Q

when a court stops expression before it is made, e.g., prohibiting a demonstration by a radical group because the assembly is likely to become violent; presumed to be unconstitutional

A

Prior restraint

207
Q

drawing of legislative boundaries to give electoral advantages to a particular racial group; “majority-minority” districts include large numbers of racial minorities in order to ensure minority representation in legislatures

A

Racial gerrymandering

208
Q

advocacy of the overthrow of the government

A

Sedition

209
Q

Supreme Court doctrine established in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson; allowed state-required racial segregation in places of public accommodation as long as the facilities were equal

A

Separate but equal

210
Q

state laws that protect journalists from having to reveal their sources

A

Shield laws

211
Q

spoken untruths that damage a reputation

A

Slander

212
Q

Supreme Court guideline for determining if government can make racial distinctions; according to this guideline, such distinctions are highly suspect and are allowed only if they are narrowly tailored to serve a compelling government interest

A

Strict scrutiny

213
Q

primary election in which Southern states allowed only whites to vote

A

White primary

AP Government (19 decks)

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