Key terms Powerpoints

Question 1

Positive face

Answer 1

the wish to be liked and approved of by others

Question 2

Negative face

Answer 2

the wish not to be imposed on by others

Question 3

Off-record strategy

Answer 3

to be offered more without appearing greedy or causing offence to the host for not having offered more

Question 4

On record

Answer 4

asking directly

Question 5

Positive politeness

Answer 5

showing people that we respect and value them

Question 6

Negative politeness

Answer 6

making what you say or write less direct so as not to sound too forceful/imposing

Question 7

Number (T/V system)

Answer 7

Difference between single and plural

Question 8

Politeness (T/V system)

Answer 8

intimacy and familiarity vs respect

Question 9

Social rank (T/V system)

Answer 9

V used to superiors T to inferiors

Question 10

Solidarity (T/V system)

Answer 10

V outside group T as in-group marker

Question 11

Neutral tokens

Answer 11

refer to context or situation (weather, news, view…)

Question 12

Self-oriented tokens

Answer 12

personal to the speaker (I’m freezing today!)

Question 13

Other-oriented tokens

Answer 13

personal to the addresee (How are you?)

Question 14

Accent

Answer 14

How speakers pronounce words

Question 15

Dialect

Answer 15

distinctive features at the level of pronunciation, vocabulary & sentence structure

Question 16

Social identity theory (SIT)

Answer 16

Tajfel (1978) distinguishes between identities which are principally personal and identities which are principally
associated with a group.

Question 17

Accommodation theory

Answer 17

The process by which speakers attune or adapt their linguistic behaviour in light of their interlocutors’ behaviour and their attitudes towards their interlocutors (may be a conscious or unconscious process). Encompasses both convergence with or divergence from interlocutors’ norms.

Question 18

Linguicism

Answer 18

discrimination based on the language or dialect one speaks.

Question 19

Linguistic prejudice

Answer 19

a form of prejudice in which people hold implicit biases about others based on the way they speak

Question 20

Infancy

Answer 20

Input
Baby-talk/parentese
Characteristics

Question 21

Adolescence

Answer 21

Most thoroughly investigated
Fast turn-over of expressions Characteristics
Use of substandard/Dialect: 3 functions

Question 22

Adulthood

Answer 22

Norm-providers
Other characteristics
Less dialect

Question 23

Old age

Answer 23

Return to more dialectal speech forms
Elderspeak: accommodation
Characteristics

Question 24

Age and dialect: youth

Answer 24

pressure not to conform to society‘s norms
-vernacular forms act as solidarity markers

Question 25

Age and dialect: middle age

Answer 25

people experience the maximum of societal pressure to conform

Question 26

Age and dialect: older people

Answer 26

they start using the vernacular forms again as the social pressure declines

Question 27

Real-time studies

Answer 27

investigate age-based variation and language changes as they happen

Question 28

Apparent-time studies

Answer 28

investigate age-based variation and language changes by comparing the speech of younger and older speakers in a community at a given time.