key terms PART TWO Flashcards
risk factors
Characteristics of individuals and situations that are thought to increase the likelihood that a person will experience problematic outcomes, such as personal distress, mental disorders, or behavioral; problems
protective factors
Provide resources for coping and often represent strengths of persons, families, and communities
ecological-conceptual model of stress
see image
- demonstrates that distal contextual and personal factors lead to proximal stressors
- leads to stress reactions
- leads to resources activated for coping
- leads to coping processes
- leads to outcomes
proximal stressors
“Closer” to the individual or the problem, directly triggering or contributing to a problem or providing a resource that can be directly used for coping
Examples
Major life events, life transitions, daily hassles , disasters
coping processes
cognitive appraisal
reappraisal
cognitive appraisal
The ongoing process of constructing the meaning of a stressful situation or event
reappraisal
“Reframing” a problem involves altering one’s perception of the situation or its meaning
generalized support
Sustained over time, providing the individual with a secure base for living and coping
perceived support
Research participants are asked about the general quality or availability of support in their lives
specific support or enacted support
Behavioral help provided to people coping with a particular stressor
social support networks
multidimensionality
density
reciprocity
multidimensionality
Relationships in which two persons involved do a number of things together and share a number of role relationships
- Ex: when a coworker is also a friend
density
Your social network contains relationships that your network members have with each other
High density → exists when many ties exist between network members
Ex: friends of each other (residents of small towns often have these)
Low density → exists when few of the members are closely connected to each other
Ex: a person with many friends in different settings but whose friends do not know each other
reciprocity
Social networks also vary in the extent to which the individual both receives support from others and provides to others
mutual help groups
Voluntary associations of persons who share a life situation or status
mutual assistance self-help
Groups are facilitated by a person experiencing the focal concern and do not have professional involvement
Some mutual support groups are peer-led, with professionals assisting in supportive roles
spirituality
Beliefs, practices, and communities associated with a personally meaningful sense of transcendence, beyond oneself and one’s immediate world
spirituality and coping
Strategies most related to positive outcomes:
- The perception of a spiritual relationship with a trustworthy and loving God
- Activities such as prayer
Particularly important with stressful, largely uncontrollable situations
Related to positive coping outcomes, even beyond non-spiritual coping methods
Can be positive or negative
May be more useful for those with less access to secular sources of power and resources
snow’s investigation of cholera
Cholera Outbreak in London 1854
- Outbreaks of cholera around London
- 127 people died near Broad Street within a few days
Dominant explanation
- Miasma Theory
- Held that soil polluted with waste products of any kind gave off a ‘miasma’ into the air, which caused many major infectious diseases of the day.
- “Bad air”
Dr. Snow (physician) talked with people in neighborhood and found that cholera came from Broad Street water pump
–> He had removed the pump and the epidemic started to disappear
primary prevention
This is intervention given to entire populations when they are not in a condition of known need or distress. The goal is to lower the rate of new cases (from a public health perspective to reduce the incidence) of disorders. Primary prevention intervenes to reduce potentially harmful circumstances before they have a chance to create difficulty.
secondary prevention
This is intervention given to populations showing early signs of a disorder or difficulty. Another term for this is early intervention. This concept is a precursor of current notions of being “at risk,” which are discussed shortly.
tertiary prevention
This is intervention given to populations who have a disorder, with the intention of limiting the disability caused by the disorder, reducing its intensity and duration, and thereby preventing future reoccurrence or additional complications.
universal measures
These interventions are designed to be offered to everyone in a given population group, and they are typically administered to populations that are not in distress. This is similar to primary prevention.
selective measures
These are designed for people at above-average risk for developing behavioral or emotional disorders. That risk may be based on their environment (e.g., low income or family conflict) or personal factors (e.g., low self-esteem, difficulties in school). These risk characteristics are associated with the development of particular disorders but are not symptoms of the disorder itself.
indicated prevention measures
These are directed toward individual people who are considered at high risk for developing disorder in the future, especially if they show early symptoms of the disorder. However, they do not meet criteria for full-fledged diagnosis of mental disorder.
wener study of hawaii
40-year longitudinal study of a multi-racial cohort of children who had been exposed to poverty, perinatal stress, parental psychopathology and family discord. Individuals are members of the Kauai Longitudinal Study, which followed all children born in 1955 on a Hawaiian island from the prenatal period to middle age. Several clusters of protective factors were identified that enabled most of the high-risk individuals to develop into competent, confident and caring adults. Implications of the findings for developmental theory were discussed and issues for future research identified.
key part:
protective factors
- coping patterns
- friends
- family
led them to select or create environments that, in turn, reinforced and sustained their active approach to life and rewarded their special competencies and skills
resiliency
An individual’s capacity to adapt successfully and function competently despite exposure to stress, adversity, or chronic trauma
cumulative-risk hypothesis
This hypothesis recognizes that almost all children can deal with one risk factor in their lives without it increasing their risk of negative outcomes. Most children can handle two risk factors. But when you get up to four risk factors, the chances of a negative outcome increase exponentially. It is not the presence of risk in a child’s life that results in negative outcomes; it is the level of cumulative risk.
ordinary magic
Maston and Powell emphasize that resilience arises from this
While these individuals are facing extraordinary adversity, they overcome that adversity through resources and relationships that are part of normal, everyday life
meta analysis
Statistical combination of multiple studies to estimate the average effect if an independent variable on a dependent variable
cost-benefit analysis
a way to examine both the costs and health outcomes of one or more interventions. It compares an intervention to another intervention (or the status quo) by estimating how much it costs to gain a unit of a health outcome, like a life year gained or a death prevented
