actually study these

Question 1

individualistic vs structural

Answer 1

ex: homelessness/poverty

Individualistic beliefs attribute poverty to the poor people themselves (personal problems) like lack of ability, effort, and morals.

Structuralist beliefs locate the causes in the social and economic systems (social problems) like lack of opportunities, discrimination, and exploitation of poor people.

Question 2

first order change

Answer 2

Alters, rearranges, or replaces the individual members of a group

Ex: Volunteering at a local homeless shelter
only individual attempts to make a change
can be reversed or stopped

Question 3

second order change

Answer 3

Changing those relationships, especially changing shared goals, roles, rules, and power relationships

ex: making sure there is more affordable housing available in a community
- irreversible
- changing the social systems that contribute to problems
- larger scale

Question 4

ecological levels

Answer 4

levels of analysis
- microsystems
- localities
- organizations
- macrosystems

Question 5

microsystems

Answer 5

environments in which the person repeatedly engages in direct personal interaction with others; families, classrooms, friendship, athletic teams, etc → individuals form interpersonal relationships, assume social roles, and share activities

Question 6

localities

Answer 6

have governments, local economies, media, systems of social, educational and health services, and other institutions that influence individual quality of life; neighborhood or town

Question 7

organizations

Answer 7

larger than microsystems and have formal structure: title, mission, policies, work times

Question 8

macrosystems

Answer 8

largest level of analysis; exercise influence through policies and specific decisions; societies, cultures, political parties, social movements, corporations, labor unions, government, etc

Question 9

linking science

Answer 9

when community psychology looks for relationships among factors across micro to macro levels of analysis to construct a more comprehensive understanding of what can influence an individual’s health and well- being

Question 10

linking practice

Answer 10

when community psychology brings together multiple stakeholders, some of whom are often overlooked, to address community issues

Question 11

blaming the victim

Answer 11

by William Ryan → 1971 book
- Questioned whether researchers, policymakers or others who have never directly experienced a social problem have the best viewpoint for analyzing it

Question 12

top-down approaches

Answer 12

Reflect the life experiences, worldviews, and interests of the powerful and usually preserve the existing power structure

Overlook the strengths of a community

Question 13

bottom-up approaches

Answer 13

Reflect attempts by ordinary people to assert control over their everyday lives

Reflect the experiences and ideas of people most affected by a community or social problem

Question 14

participant observation

Answer 14

The method of choice for a researcher seeking maximum insider knowledge and depth of experience in a community

Ex: walking dog and interacting with dog walkers because you want to study dog walkers
Ex: interested in studying gangs so you join one

Question 15

strengths and limitations to participant observation

Answer 15

Strengths
- Uses the research-community relationship and affords thick description of many aspects of community life

Limitations
- The focus on one setting necessarily means that generalizability to other settings is a problem
- Concerns for whether the researcher’s experiences and records are representative of the setting and its dynamics

Question 16

qualitative interviewing

Answer 16

Interviewing a sample of individuals; interview is often open-ended ro minimally structured to prompt participants’ describing their experiences in their words

Question 17

strengths and limitations to qualitative interviewing

Answer 17

Strengths
Allows flexible exploration of the phenomenon of interest and discovery of aspects not anticipated by the researcher
Based in a strong relationship

Limitations
Insights developed from interviews are less direct than those from participant observation

Question 18

focus groups

Answer 18

An interview with a group

Generates thick description and qualitative information in response to questions or discussion topics possessed by a moderator

Question 19

strengths and limitations to focus groups

Answer 19

Strengths
- Researchers can structure discussion and learn about topics of interest and personal experiences of others more easily than with participant observation
- Allow greater access to shared knowledge and mutual discussion

Limitations
- Focus group moderator has less flexibility to ask for elaboration, control changes of topic, or learn about individuals in depth than an interview of individuals

Question 20

case studies

Answer 20

Usually conducted on individuals in clinical psychology

Can study an individual in relation to the settings in that person’s life

Question 21

strengths and limitations to case studies

Answer 21

Strengths
Excellent for understanding the nuances of control, social, or community contexts

Limitations
Generalizability of findings to other settings is uncertain

Question 22

randomized experiments

Answer 22

participants are randomly assigned to experimental or control groups

Question 23

strengths and limitations of randomized experiments

Answer 23

Strengths
With greater control over confounding factors, researchers can make more confident interpretations of its effects

Limitations
Experiments require substantial prior knowledge of the context to propose social innovations

Question 24

nonequivalent comparison group designs

Answer 24

Used whenever assignment to experimental or comparison condition is something other than random

Question 25

strengths and limitations of nonequivalent comparison group designs

Answer 25

Strengths
Practical and less intrusive than randomized experiments

Limitations
Control of confounding factors is much weaker

Question 26

interrupted time-series design

Answer 26

involves repeated measurement over time of a single case

Question 27

strengths and limitations of interrupted time-series design

Answer 27

Strengths
Practical; afford understanding of change over time in a specific context

Limitations
Number and timing of measurements in the baseline and experimental periods

Question 28

risk factors

Answer 28

Characteristics of individuals and situations that are thought to increase the likelihood that a person will experience problematic outcomes, such as personal distress, mental disorders, or behavioral; problems

Question 29

protective factors

Answer 29

Provide resources for coping and often represent strengths of persons, families, and communities

Question 30

spirituality and coping

Answer 30

Strategies most related to positive outcomes:
- The perception of a spiritual relationship with a trustworthy and loving God
- Activities such as prayer

Particularly important with stressful, largely uncontrollable situations

Related to positive coping outcomes, even beyond non-spiritual coping methods

Can be positive or negative

May be more useful for those with less access to secular sources of power and resources

Question 31

snow’s investigation of cholera

Answer 31

Cholera Outbreak in London 1854

Outbreaks of cholera around London
127 people died near Broad Street within a few days
Dominant explanation
- Miasma Theory
- Held that soil polluted with waste products of any kind gave off a ‘miasma’ into the air, which caused many major infectious diseases of the day.
- “Bad air”

Dr. Snow (physician) talked with people in neighborhood and found that cholera came from Broad Street water pump
–> He had removed the pump and the epidemic started to disappear

Question 32

resiliency

Answer 32

An individual’s capacity to adapt successfully and function competently despite exposure to stress, adversity, or chronic trauma

Question 33

cumulative-risk hypothesis

Answer 33

This hypothesis recognizes that almost all children can deal with one risk factor in their lives without it increasing their risk of negative outcomes. Most children can handle two risk factors. But when you get up to four risk factors, the chances of a negative outcome increase exponentially. It is not the presence of risk in a child’s life that results in negative outcomes; it is the level of cumulative risk.

Question 34

ordinary magic

Answer 34

Maston and Powell emphasize that resilience arises from this

While these individuals are facing extraordinary adversity, they overcome that adversity through resources and relationships that are part of normal, everyday life