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REL 103: Prophetic Religions of the West > KEY TERMS: Judaism & Zoroastrianism > Flashcards

KEY TERMS: Judaism & Zoroastrianism Flashcards

1
Q

Ba’al

A

storm-fertility god of the ancient Canaanites.

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2
Q

bar mitzvah

A

ceremony in which a thirteen-year-old boy becomes an adult member of the Jewish community.

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3
Q

bat mitzvah

A

equivalent of bar mitzvah ceremony for girls in Reform and Conservative Jewish congregations.

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4
Q

brit milah

A

boy’s initiation ritual circumcision that occurs on the eighth day after birth.

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5
Q

Conservative Judaism

A

movement attempting to adapt Judaism to modern life by using principles of change within the traditional laws; occupies middle ground between Reform and Orthodox Judaism.

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6
Q

covenant (berith)

A

relationship between God and Israel, enacted on Mt. Sinai, based on Israel’s acceptance of God’s Torah.

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7
Q

diaspora

A

the dispersion of Jews away from the Jewish homeland, to live as minorities in other lands.

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8
Q

dietary law

A

Jewish laws pertaining to the proper preparation and eating of food, and avoidance of certain animal food; see kashrut.

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9
Q

Essenes

A

ascetic (characterized by or suggesting the practice of severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons) Jewish movement around the Dead Sea area from the second century B.C.E. to the first century C.E.

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10
Q

Exile

A

the Jewish captivity in Babylon, especially the period from the fall of Jerusalem in 586 B.C.E. until the first return to Jerusalem in 538 B.C.E.

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11
Q

Exodus

A

deliverance of Israelites from Egypt under Moses’ leadership.

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12
Q

Gemara

A

comments on the Mishnah; added to the Mishnah to form the Jewish Talmud.

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13
Q

ghetto

A

special Jewish quarters in certain European cities.

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14
Q

Halakhah

A

Jewish legal tradition based on the Talmud.

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15
Q

Hanukkah

A

festival of lights in December, celebrating rededication of the temple in Maccabean times.

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16
Q

Hasidism

A

popular mystical and devotional Jewish movement beginning in the seventeenth century in eastern Europe.

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17
Q

Hebrews

A

ancestors of the Israelites.

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18
Q

Holocaust

A

ancient Israelite ritual meaning “all-consuming sacrificial fire,” used in modern times to denote the destruction of Jews and others under the Nazis.

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19
Q

Israel

A

“he strives with God”; name given to Jacob and thereafter to the covenant people; name of the modern Jewish state.

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20
Q

Kabbalah

A

“tradition,” especially the mystical Jewish tradition, of which the Zohar is a central text.

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21
Q

Karaites

A

Jewish sect that rejected oral Torah (Talmud), relying on scripture alone.

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22
Q

kashrut

A

ritual fitness, suitable for use according to Jewish law; applies especially to dietary laws, what foods can and cannot be eaten, and how to prepare them.

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23
Q

Maimonides

A

great medieval Jewish philosopher (1135-1204).

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24
Q

Marranos

A

Spanish Jews who were outwardly Christianized but many of whom secretly continued Jewish tradition.

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25
Q

Masada

A

mountain fortress near the Dead Sea where Jewish Zealots made a last stand against the Romans.

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26
Q

Moses Mendelssohn

A

Jewish Enlightenment thinker (1729-1786).

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27
Q

Messiah

A

end-time king, descended from King David, expected to redeem Israel.

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28
Q

Mishnah

A

code of Jewish oral law compiled ca. 200 C.E. by Judah the Prince; see Talmud.

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29
Q

mitzvot

A

commandments given by God.

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30
Q

Moses

A

leader of Israel in the Exodus from Egypt and the founding of the covenant on Mt. Sinai.

31
Q

Orthodox Judaism

A

modern movement continuing a strict traditional belief in the binding character of the Torah and Halakhah.

32
Q

Pesach (Passover)

A

spring festival commemorating deliverance from Egypt.

33
Q

Pharisees

A

party in ancient Judaism teaching the oral Torah along with the written Torah, resurrection of the body, and application of the law in everyday life.

34
Q

prophets

A

inspired people who spoke God’s word and advocated reforms in Israel, especially from the eighth to the fourth centuries B.C.E.; recorded words of individual prophets became part of the scared scripture.

35
Q

Purim

A

early spring festival remembering events of the Book of Esther.

36
Q

rabbi

A

“my master”; title for the teacher of the law; spiritual leader of the congregation.

37
Q

Rabbinic Judaism

A

designation for Judaism as it developed under the teachers of the oral Torah (Talmud).

38
Q

Reconstructionist Judaism

A

modern movement founded by Mordecai Kaplan (1881-1982), emphasizing Judaism as a civilization.

39
Q

Reform Judaism

A

modern movement attempting to conform tradition to conditions of modern life, allowing changes in the Halakhah.

39
Q

Sabbath

A

seventh day of the week; sacred day of rest and study for Jews.

39
Q

Rosh Hashanah

A

Jewish New Year, first day of Tishri (usually in September); beginning of High Holy Days (which include Yom Kippur.

40
Q

Sadducees

A

conservative party of temple priests and sympathizers in ancient Judaism who rejected the oral Torah and the idea of the resurrection.

41
Q

Shauvot

A

Feast of Weeks (Pentecost), commemorating the giving of the Torah on Mt. Sinai.

42
Q

Shema

A

statement proclaiming in the unity of God, based on Deuteronomy 6:4-9, beginning, “Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one.”

43
Q

Sukkot

A

Feast of Booths, autumn harvest festival.

44
Q

synagogue

A

Greek term translating Hebrew “house of assembly”; Jewish place for prayer and study.

45
Q

Talmud

A

Jewish “oral Torah,” comprised of the Mishnah and Gemara; exists in a Palestinian and a Babylonian version.

46
Q

Tanakh

A

Hebrew scriptures comprised of Torah (the Pentateuch), Nevi’im (the Prophets), and Khetuvim (the Writings).

47
Q

Torah

A

first five books in the Hebrew scriptures; also the whole of scripture; also the whole corpus of revelation, including the oral Torah.

48
Q

Yahweh

A

special covenant name of Israel’s God as it was probably pronounced; written YHWH in the Hebrew scriptures; at a certain point Jews stopped pronouncing this sacred name and substituted the name Adonai.

49
Q

Yom Kippur

A

Jewish Day of Atonement on the tenth of Tishri, a solemn day of repentance.

50
Q

Zealots

A

Jewish religious party in the Roman period that advocated resistance to Roman occupation.

51
Q

Zionism

A

modern movement to secure a Jewish homeland in Palestine, which led to formation of the state of Israel.

52
Q

Ahriman

A

the Pahlavi form of Angra Mainyu.

53
Q

Ahura Mazda

A

the “wise Lord,” eternal, supreme creator of all, as taught by Zarathustra.

54
Q

Amesha Spentas

A

in Zoroastrianism, the “Holy Immortals,” Good Purpose, Truth, Dominion, Devotion, Perfection, Immortality, and Holy Spirit, generated by Ahura Mazda to aid in the creation of the world.

55
Q

Anahita

A

in Zoroastrianism, one of the Yazata or worpshipful ones, the goddess of water and fertility whose cult was widespread in the Roman world.

56
Q

Angra Mainyu

A

evil Spirit in Zoroastrian thought, upholder of the lie (druj), cosmic opponent of Ahura Mazda.

57
Q

asha

A

Truth, one of the Holy Immortals in Zoroastrianism; also, the spiritual quality of truth.

58
Q

Avesta

A

the sacred scriptures of Zoroastrian communities, including the Yasna (the Gathas), the Yashts, and other sacred texts.

59
Q

dakhma

A

Tower of Silence in Zoroastrian communities, the structure on which the dead are exposed to vultures and the sun.

60
Q

druj

A

“lie,” upheld by Angra Mainyu and the other evil beings, according to Zoroastrian thought.

61
Q

Fire Temple

A

main worship sanctuary for Zoroastrians, where the sacred fire is kept burning.

62
Q

Gathas

A

sacred hymns composed of Zarathustra, part of the Avesta.

63
Q

kusti

A

long sacred cord given to a young Zoroastrian boy or girl at the initiation ritual (Naojote), to be wrapped around the waist in daily rituals.

64
Q

Mithra

A

one of the Zoroastrian Yazata, guardian of light and giver of wealth, widely worshipped in Roman Empire.

65
Q

mobed

A

Zoroastrianism priest.

66
Q

Naojote

A

the ritual of initiation for young Zoroastrian boys and girls, in which they are invested with the sacred shirt and the sacred cord (kusti).

67
Q

Parsis

A

communities of Zoroastrians in India.

68
Q

Spenta Mainyu

A

Holy Spirit in Zoroastrianism, closely identified with Ahura Mazda, creator of world, opponent of Angra Mainyu.

69
Q

Yazata

A

worshipful ones, Indo-Iranian gods who continued to be objects of worship in Zoroastrianism, sometimes called angels.

70
Q

Zarathustra

A

the founder of Zoroastrianism, who lived perhaps around 1000 B.C.E., reformed the Indo-Aryan religion, and composed of the Gathas.

71
Q

Zoroaster

A

Greek form of the name Zarathustra.

REL 103: Prophetic Religions of the West (4 decks)

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