Key Terms

Question 1

Psychosexual stages

Answer 1

Developmental Periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality

Question 2

Sensori-Motor

Answer 2

Differentiates self from objects ♪ Begin to Act intentionally ♪ Achieve object-permanence ♪ Infant senses the world through sensory info and motor activity (babies can’t talk. Only way for them to interact and communicate is to use their sensory info and motor activities) ♪ Most behavior is reflexive (infant born with 13 reflexive. These behavior are conditional. Classic conditioning is reflexive behavior.) ♪ Infants can only perceive things that are present (playing peek-a-boo, babies cannot see it, they don’t see it) ♪ Object permanence is lacking ♪ Once object permanence occurs, the infant moves to the next stage. (Crawling is not an intellectual development.

Question 3

object permanence

Answer 3

(stage 1) the knowledge that something exists even when it is not observable. (occurs around 9 months)

Question 4

Pre- Operational

Answer 4

♪ Learns to use language and to represent objects using images and words ♪ Thinking is still egocentric ♪ Classifies objects by a single feature ♪ Symbolic functions - one thing can stand for another ♪ The words represent objects ♪ Egocentrism - children expect adults to think and feel as they do ♪ Thinking is dominated by the way things appear.

Question 5

egocentrism

Answer 5

(stage 2) inability to see another persons point of view

Question 6

Concrete Operational

Answer 6

♪ Can think logically about objects and events ♪ Achieves “conservation of Number” ♪ Can classify objects according to several features and can order based on one dimension Reversibility: the understanding that any change in shape, position, or order of matter can be reversed mentally. Appearance did not change the substance that makes up a cookie. (cookie is still made out of same substance before or after it’s broke) Cannot apply logic to hypothetical situation. 

Question 7

Formal Operational

Answer 7

♪ Can think logically about abstract ideas and test hypotheses systematically ♪ Can comprehend : Hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems

Question 8

Conservation

Answer 8

children understand that a given quantity (is same amount water in tall and short bicker) of matter remains the same despite rearrangement (despite the fact that you may want to choose tall or short beaker) (tall and short bicker, issue is how much water is in the bicker) or change in appearance (short VS tall) as long as nothing is added or taken away.

Question 9

Conscious

Answer 9

whatever we are aware of at any given moment

Question 10

Unconscious

Answer 10

1. Primary motivating force of human behavior 2. Hold memories that were so anxiety provoking they were involuntarily removed from consciousness. 3. Contains all the sexual and aggressive wishes and desires that have never been allowed into consciousness

Question 11

ID

Answer 11

i. Present at birth ii. Inherited, inaccessible and completely unconscious iii. Contains the life instincts (sexual) and biological urges such as hunger and thirst iv. Death instinct: destructive impulses v. Id operates with the pleasure principle. It tries to always seek pleasure avoid pain and gain of immediate gratification. vi. Id is the source of psychic energy (libido) that fuels the entire personality. vii. All the Id can do is fantasize and demand.

Question 12

Ego

Answer 12

i. Logical and rational part of personality. ii. Ego evolves from the Id and draws psychic energy from the Id iii. Ego functions to satisfy the Id. Ego always wants to satisfy the id. Sometimes, ego lets Id to get away with “I want to this right now” stuffs when it shouldn’t. iv. Ego operates on the reality principle = considers restraints of the real world in terms of what are appropriate times, places and objects for gratification of Id’s wishes

Question 13

Super Ego

Answer 13

i. When ego lets id get away with certain things that id shouldn’t, then super ego kicks in. ii. Moral components of personality

Question 14

Oedipus Complex

Answer 14

i. In psychoanalytic theory, a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a concomitant sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex; a crucial stage in the normal developmental process.

Question 15

Attribution Theory

Answer 15

The theory that we explain someone’s behaviour by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

Question 16

Situational attributions:

Answer 16

we attribute a person’s behavior to some external cause or factor operating in a situation.

Question 17

Self-serving bias

Answer 17

when making judgements about oneself, people tend to attribute their successes to dispositional (internal) factors, and failures to situational (external) factors

Question 18

Dispositional attribution:

Answer 18

we attribute the behavior to some internal cause such as a person’s trait, motive or attitude.

Question 19

Actor/Observer Effect

Answer 19

Tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others

Question 20

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 20

we tend to assign dispositional attributions more than is warranted.

Question 21

Phallic stage

Answer 21

3 - 6 years; auto exploration of body; Oedipal Complex: child develops attraction for opposite gender parent and feels hostility toward same gender parent

Question 22

Latency stage

Answer 22

the fourth period (from about age 5 or 6 until puberty) during which sexual interests are supposed to be sublimated into other activities

Question 23

Genital stage

Answer 23

Last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence.

Question 24

Oral stage

Answer 24

The first sexual and social stage of an infant’s development (from about age 0 to 1). Libidinal energy is centered around the mouth.

Question 25

Anal stage

Answer 25

(1-3 years) Anus is associated with pleasure. Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly. Has two outcomes-anal retentive (obsessions with cleanliness, perfection and control) and anal expulsive (messy, disorganized and dirty)