Key Terms Flashcards
Psychosexual stages
Developmental Periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality
Sensori-Motor
Differentiates self from objects ♪ Begin to Act intentionally ♪ Achieve object-permanence ♪ Infant senses the world through sensory info and motor activity (babies can’t talk. Only way for them to interact and communicate is to use their sensory info and motor activities) ♪ Most behavior is reflexive (infant born with 13 reflexive. These behavior are conditional. Classic conditioning is reflexive behavior.) ♪ Infants can only perceive things that are present (playing peek-a-boo, babies cannot see it, they don’t see it) ♪ Object permanence is lacking ♪ Once object permanence occurs, the infant moves to the next stage. (Crawling is not an intellectual development.
object permanence
(stage 1) the knowledge that something exists even when it is not observable. (occurs around 9 months)
Pre- Operational
♪ Learns to use language and to represent objects using images and words ♪ Thinking is still egocentric ♪ Classifies objects by a single feature ♪ Symbolic functions - one thing can stand for another ♪ The words represent objects ♪ Egocentrism - children expect adults to think and feel as they do ♪ Thinking is dominated by the way things appear.
egocentrism
(stage 2) inability to see another persons point of view
Concrete Operational
♪ Can think logically about objects and events ♪ Achieves “conservation of Number” ♪ Can classify objects according to several features and can order based on one dimension Reversibility: the understanding that any change in shape, position, or order of matter can be reversed mentally. Appearance did not change the substance that makes up a cookie. (cookie is still made out of same substance before or after it’s broke) Cannot apply logic to hypothetical situation.
Formal Operational
♪ Can think logically about abstract ideas and test hypotheses systematically ♪ Can comprehend : Hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems
Conservation
children understand that a given quantity (is same amount water in tall and short bicker) of matter remains the same despite rearrangement (despite the fact that you may want to choose tall or short beaker) (tall and short bicker, issue is how much water is in the bicker) or change in appearance (short VS tall) as long as nothing is added or taken away.
Conscious
whatever we are aware of at any given moment
Unconscious
- Primary motivating force of human behavior 2. Hold memories that were so anxiety provoking they were involuntarily removed from consciousness. 3. Contains all the sexual and aggressive wishes and desires that have never been allowed into consciousness
ID
i. Present at birth ii. Inherited, inaccessible and completely unconscious iii. Contains the life instincts (sexual) and biological urges such as hunger and thirst iv. Death instinct: destructive impulses v. Id operates with the pleasure principle. It tries to always seek pleasure avoid pain and gain of immediate gratification. vi. Id is the source of psychic energy (libido) that fuels the entire personality. vii. All the Id can do is fantasize and demand.
Ego
i. Logical and rational part of personality. ii. Ego evolves from the Id and draws psychic energy from the Id iii. Ego functions to satisfy the Id. Ego always wants to satisfy the id. Sometimes, ego lets Id to get away with “I want to this right now” stuffs when it shouldn’t. iv. Ego operates on the reality principle = considers restraints of the real world in terms of what are appropriate times, places and objects for gratification of Id’s wishes
Super Ego
i. When ego lets id get away with certain things that id shouldn’t, then super ego kicks in. ii. Moral components of personality
Oedipus Complex
i. In psychoanalytic theory, a desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a concomitant sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex; a crucial stage in the normal developmental process.
Attribution Theory
The theory that we explain someone’s behaviour by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition
Situational attributions:
we attribute a person’s behavior to some external cause or factor operating in a situation.
Self-serving bias
when making judgements about oneself, people tend to attribute their successes to dispositional (internal) factors, and failures to situational (external) factors
Dispositional attribution:
we attribute the behavior to some internal cause such as a person’s trait, motive or attitude.
Actor/Observer Effect
Tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others
Fundamental attribution error
we tend to assign dispositional attributions more than is warranted.
Phallic stage
3 - 6 years; auto exploration of body; Oedipal Complex: child develops attraction for opposite gender parent and feels hostility toward same gender parent
Latency stage
the fourth period (from about age 5 or 6 until puberty) during which sexual interests are supposed to be sublimated into other activities
Genital stage
Last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence.
Oral stage
The first sexual and social stage of an infant’s development (from about age 0 to 1). Libidinal energy is centered around the mouth.
