Key Terms

Question 1

What’s an alternative hypothesis

Answer 1

There’s a significant difference between two conditions

Question 2

Difference between directional hypothesis

And a non directional hypothesis

Answer 2

Directional- there will be a difference between two conditions
Non-directional - there will be a difference between two conditions but doesn’t state which direction it will go in

Question 3

How do you is operationalise variables

Answer 3

By devising a clear way of measuring something, so that someone else knows exactly what you’ve done

Question 4

What is independent groups experimental design?

Answer 4

Where there are different participants for each condition of the IV

Question 5

What is the repeated measures experimental design?

Answer 5

Each participant does both conditions of the IV

Question 6

What is matched pairs experimental design

Answer 6

Where each person does only one condition of the IV, but they are matched with another person doing the other condition on some important extraneous variable. They may match pairs based on intelligence

Question 7

Three types of experimental method

Answer 7

Lab
Field
Natural and quasi experiments

Question 8

Types of sampling

Answer 8

Random sampling- every member of the target population has an equal chance of appearing in the sample.
Opportunity sampling- whoever is available in the target population at the time.
Volunteer sampling- people volunteer themselves

Question 9

When are demand characteristics present?

Answer 9

When participants begin to guess the purpose of the study and try to make sense of it

Question 10

Types of reliability

Answer 10

Inter-rater reliability- where there’s more than one observer who compare their scores to make it more reliable
Test-retest reliability- the test is redone with the same sample participants to increase reliability

Question 11

What’s a null hypothesis

Answer 11

Based on the assumption that there is no difference

Question 12

Types of validity?

Answer 12

Concurrent validity- comparing the results with another relevant measure e.g. IQ test with school results
Ecological validity- realistic
Temporal validity- being able to accurately generalise results from years ago to now

Question 13

What are the tree types of data

Answer 13

Primary
Secondary
Meta analysis

Question 14

What is it called when you specifically describe your variables so that it is repeated correctly

Answer 14

Operationalise variables

Question 15

What is inter-observer reliability?

Answer 15

Where there is an agreement (consistency) between two or more observers

Question 16

What’s a case study?

Answer 16

An in depth study of an individual or small group of individuals regarding a topic of interest to the researcher e.g. Genie

Question 17

Name the ethical issues

Answer 17

Physical harm
Psychological harm
Consent 
Withdrawal 
Confidentiality 
Deception 
Debrief

Question 18

How does a social change occur?

Answer 18

1. Minority influence
2. Expands and grows through informational social influence (desire to be right)
3. Snowball effect (people start to internalise it, message becomes popular, minority turns in to majority)
4. people join through both informational and normative social influence
5. Is now the norm