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social influence > Key studies > Flashcards

Key studies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of conformity

A

Internalisation
Identification
Compliance

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2
Q

What studies look in to explanations for conformity

A

Jennes

Asch

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3
Q

What are two explanations of conformity

A

Informational social influence - desire to be right

Normative social influence - desire to be liked

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4
Q

What variables affect conformity?

A

Group size
Unanimity
Task difficulty

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5
Q

Explanations of obedience was looked in to by which two studies

A

Milgrim

Bickman

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6
Q

What situational variables affect obedience ?

A

Proximity
Location
Uniform

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7
Q

Who looked at the situational variables affecting obedience

A

Milgram

Bickman

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8
Q

Dispositional factors affecting obedience such as the authoritarian personality, was done by who?

A

Milgram and elms

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9
Q

Reasons why people don’t obey of conform

A

Social support

Your internal locus of control

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10
Q

schurz looked in to what

A

LOC’s affect on obedience

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11
Q

Affect of LOC on conformity was looked in to by…

A

Asch

Shute

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12
Q

Minority influence is enforced with which three key components

A

Consistency
Commitment
Flexibility

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13
Q

What will effect happen with every social change

A

The snowball effect

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14
Q

What does zimbardo’s prison study look in to?

A

Conformity of social roles

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15
Q

What are the types of conformity

A

Internalisation
Identification
Compliance

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16
Q

What studies look in to explanations for conformity

A

Jennes

Asch

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17
Q

What are two explanations of conformity

A

Informational social influence - desire to be right

Normative social influence - desire to be liked

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18
Q

Which study looked at factors affecting conformity?

What variables affect conformity?

A

Asch (lines drawn)
Group size
Unanimity
Task difficulty

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19
Q

Explanations of obedience was looked in to by which two studies

A

Milgrim

Bickman

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20
Q

What situational variables affect obedience ?

A

Proximity (learner in same room as participant)
Location (Milgram in Bridgeport)
Uniform (Bickman New York)

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21
Q

Who looked at the situational variables affecting obedience

A

Milgram

Bickman

22
Q

Disposition all factors affecting obedience such as the authoritarian personality, was done by who?

A

Milgram and elms

23
Q

Disobedience will depend on what two factors

A

Social support

Your internal locus of control

24
Q

schurz looked in to what

A

The affect of LOC on obedience

25
Q

Non-conformity was looked in to by…

A

Asch

Shute

26
Q

Minority influence is enforced with which three key components

A

Consistency
Commitment
Flexibility

27
Q

What will effect happen with every social change

A

The snowball effect

28
Q

What does zimbardo’s prison study look in to?

A

Conformity of social roles

29
Q

What did zimbardo do?

A

Stanford prison experiment
Aim- do good people conform to their social role, and situation when in an ‘evil’ place
Method- Volunteer sampling (paid incentives)
- Lab study
- 24 participants out of 70 volunteers
- 12 prisoners 12 guards randomly allocated
- lots of ethical issues broken
Results- guards became violent
- prisoners rebelled and some attempted to leave.
- gave in to social roles.

30
Q

What did Jennes (1932) do?

A

Sweets in a jar
Aim- testing conformity
Method- Participants made predictions privately
Then discussed as a group and made a group prediction
Then made another guess privately
Testing conformity to change predictions
Results- people changed second private prediction for informational social influence

31
Q

What did asch (1951) do?

A

Each participants did it with 6 other males who were actors (participant) didn’t know this.
Experiment on conformity
In 12 of 18 trials the actors answered incorrectly.
In the 12 critical trials, there was 32% conformity to wrong answers.
123 participants
75% answered incorrectly in at least 1 trial.
5% conformed in all critical trials

32
Q

What did Milgram (1961) do?

A

Obedience test
Teacher, student learning task (deception)
Actor pretended to be electrocuted.
Every participant shocked over 300v
Every participant displayed distress.
68% continued all the way to 450v (fatal voltage)

33
Q

What did Bickman (1974) do?

A 
Obedience to uniforms in NYC
Method- uniformed people asked people to pick up litter.
38% obeyed to a guard
19% obeyed to the civilian 
14% to a milkman 
Good ecological 
Poor control
34
Q

What did Hofling et al (1966) do?

A

Obeying authority figures.
Unknown doctor rang hospital to inform nurses to administer a large injection of an unknown drug to a patient.
21 out of 22 obeyed
Practical implications - nurses are informed

35
Q

What’s The agentic shift?

A

Where you do not see yourself as responsible for your behaviour as the orders have to come from someone with more seniority or expertise than yourself.

36
Q

What did Milgram and elms (1966) do?

A

They repeated the original Milgram study but gave participants the f-scale questionnaire before.
Definite demand characteristics present

37
Q

Asch social support variation

A

Method- same as original but they had one confederate who disagreed with majority.
Results- Conformity dropped from 32% to 5.5%
Conclusion- Social support reduces conformity to majority

38
Q

What happened in the variation of milgrams study, where the participant had two actors as teachers, who refused to continue?

A

Obedience dropped from 68% to 10%

Social support reduces obedience

39
Q

What is your locus of control? Two types

A

Internal- what happens to them is down to your own behaviours
External- what happens to them is down to external factors

40
Q

What did Shute (1975) do?

A

LOC AND RESISTING CONFORMITY
Participants LOC was tested using a questionnaire.
They were given a conformity task, where they were put in groups with people who were very for or against drugs use.
People with internal LOC less likely to conform than external LOC.

41
Q

What did schurz (1985) do?

A

Variation of Milgram
But with LOC questionnaire beforehand
Internal LOC took more responsibility than external LOC.

42
Q

What did Moscovici et al (1969) do?

A

Looked at importance of consistency in a minority influence.
4 participants
2 confederates
Had to say if a card was green or blue.
Confederates said it was green every time consistently (conformity 8.42%)
When they were inconsistent, conformity was 1.25%
32% conformed at least once
Minority can influence majority with consistency

43
Q

What did Nemeth (1986) do?

A

Looked at importance of flexibility in a minority influence.
Created groups of 3 participants and one actor who decided how much compensation to pay the victim of a ski-lift accident.
When not flexible, he got less money then when flexible.

44
Q

What are the two general explanations for obedience

A
  • The agentic shift

- legitimacy of authority

45
Q

Milgrams agentic shift variation

A

Aim- how the agentic shift affects obedience
Method- same as original but orders came down the phone.
Results- obedience dropped from 68% to 20%

46
Q

Milgram legitimacy of authority variation

A

Aim- how the legitimacy of authority affects obedience
Method- same as original but in Bridgeport pegged as market research.
Results- obedience dropped from 68% to 47%

47
Q

Milgram proximity variation

A

Aim- see how proximity affects obedience
Method- same as original but teacher participant had to hold the learners arm down on the electricutor.
Results- obedience dropped from 68% to 30% which is still very high.

48
Q

What does milgrams work explain

A

Holocaust

49
Q

What does zimbardos work explain

A

Abu ghraib

50
Q

Difference between legitimate authority and authoritarian personality

A

Authoritarian personality- when you’re more likely to obey to authority (Milgram and elms)
Legitimacy of authority- when an authoritative figure is more legit so you’re more likely to obey (Bickman)

51
Q

The snowball effect

A

Minority- informational social influence- it catches on and spreads- majority- normative social influence

social influence (6 decks)

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