Key Terms Flashcards
Humanism
-study classics
Christian Humanism
-humanism + religion
Vernacular
-common everyday language of the people
New Monarchs
-create armies, hinder nobles, negotiate w church
Taille
-tax on french peasants
Reconquista
-centuries long Christian conquest of Spain from the Muslims
Indulgence
-$ -> lessen time in purgatory or cancel it
Anabaptist
- only adults should be baptized
- church =/= state
Predestination
-God already chose who’ll be saved and who’ll be dammed
Huguenots
-French Calvinist Protestants
Politiques
-rulers who put political necessities before personal beliefs
Colombian Exchange
-interchange of plants animals diseases & human populations between old & new world
Mercantilism
- less imports
- boost exports to make more independent economy
Putting- Out System
-entrepreneur beings materials to rural people who work on them from home
Joint-Stock Company
-multi investors raise $ for venture too lg for any to take on own, share profits
Absolutism
-ruler has sole power
Divine Right Of Kings
-rulers get authority from God & are only answerable to God
Intendants
-Kings reps in a territory
Fronde
-nobles & peasants rebel against royal authority in France
Robot
-forced labor of presents
Junkers
-landowning nobles in Prussia
Scientific Method
-use logic and experiments to find reg patterns in nature and describe them w natl laws & math forms
Philosophes
-intellectuals/writers who stressed reason, freedom of expression, religious toleration, reformed legal syst
Deism
-God made universe then left it alone
General Will
-desire of all people
Enlightened Despotism
-ruler uses power for good of the people
Enclosure Movement
- landowners had to consolidate & enclose lands
- made the poor move to city for work in factories
Agricultural Revolution
-advances in agriculture, scientific and organized syst of agriculture
Physiocrats
- French economists led by François Quesnay
- critics of merchantalism, called for free trade
Invisible Hand
- coined by Adam Smith
- self-regulating nature of a free marketplace
Parlements
- French regional courts
- hereditary nobles dominated
- right to register royal decrees before they became laws
Girondins
-moderate republican faction in French Revolution 1791-1793
Jacobins
- leader: Maximilien Robespierre
others: Jean-Paul Marat, Georges-Jacques Danton, Comte de Mirabeau - Reign of Terror
Sans-Culottes
- working people of Paris
- supported radical politics
Levee en Mass
- conscripting males into army (French)
- new type of military force = mass participation, fully mobilized economy
Thermidiran Reaction
-antiradicalism reaction of French Revolution
Legitimacy
-rulers who were driven from their thrones should get their power back
Balance of Power
-weak countries join together & match the power of a stronger country
Liberalism
- rep gov
- min gov interference
- religious toleration
- civil liberties
Conservatism
- legit monarchies
- aristocracies
- established churches
- gradual change
- maintain status quo
Nationalism
-nations = group of people who share traditions, language, history
Chief Ideas:
-sense of belonging/duty to a nation
-enhanced by common culture, history, language, and political beliefs
Romanticism
Major Characteristics:
- about rebellion, risks, & powerful emotions
- a reaction to the Enlightenment
- inspired by the French Revolution & the Industrial Revolution
- gothic and medicinal motion
- love = driving force
- emotions over reason
- live recklessly, die young
- escape
Chartism
-demands by British workers late 1830s
-demands:
universal manhood suffrage
secret ballots
equal electoral districts
salaries for House of Commons members
Zollverein
- created in 1834 -> industrial growth
- # 1 source of Prussia/Austria tension
- excluded Austria
- 1852: all German states except Austria were in the Zollverein
- basis for a German state without Austria
- foundation for upcoming political union
Carbonari
-secret revolutionary society in 1820s that wanted to unite Italy
Luddites
- social movement against Industrial Revolution’s changes
- British textile artisans
- thought new industrial machinery would cost them their jobs
- tried to destroy some machinery
Utilitarianism
- “the greatest happiness for the greatest number”
- should be applied to each nation’s gov, econmy, and judicial syst
Utopian Socialists
- early 1800s socialists who wanted to replace capitalist structure w/ planned communities, cooperation
- leading: Charles Fourier, Luis Blanc, both belived property should be communally owned
Marxism
- focuses on social conflict and the relationship between classes
- h
Marxism
- focuses on social conflict and the relationship between classes
- history = result of class conflict, will end in triumph of industrial proletariat over the bourgeoisie, new classless society w/o private property
