KEY TERMS

Question 1

DIFFUSION

Answer 1

the process by which solutes move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration does not require energy

Question 2

HOMEOSTASIS

Answer 2

maintenance of a constant internal equilibrium in a biologic system that involves positive and negative feedback mechanisms

Question 3

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Answer 3

pressure created by the weight of fluid against the wall that contains it

Question 4

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

Answer 4

a solution with an osmolality higher than that of serum <300

Question 5

HYPOTONIC SOLUTION

Answer 5

a solution with an osmolality lower than that of serum <280

Question 6

ISOTONIC SOLUTION

Answer 6

a solution with the same osmolality as serum and other body fluids 280-300

Question 7

OSMOSIS

Answer 7

the process by which fluid(WATER) moves across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration until solute concentrations are equal on both sides

Question 8

TWO COMPARTMENTS OF BODY FLUID

Answer 8

ICF(intracellular fluid) 2/3

ECF(extracellular fluid) 1/3

Question 9

THREE COMPARTMENTS OF ECF

Answer 9

intravascular, interstitial, transcellular

Question 10

THIRD-SPACE FLUID SHIFT

Answer 10

“third spacing” loss of ECF into a space that does not contribute to equilibrium

Question 11

SOLVENTS

Answer 11

liquids that hold a substance in solution

Question 12

SOLUTES

Answer 12

substances that are dissolved in a solution

Question 13

TOTAL WATER % OF BODY WEIGHT

Answer 13

infants 77%
male 60%
female 50%
elderly 45%

Question 14

CATIONS

Answer 14

ions that carry a positive charge

Question 15

ANIONS

Answer 15

ions that carry a negative charge

Question 16

MAJOR CATIONS IN BODY FLUIDS

Answer 16

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen ions

Question 17

MAJOR ANIONS IN BODY FLUIDS

Answer 17

chloride, bicarb, phosphate, sulfate and proteinate ions

Question 18

MAJOR ELECTROLYTES IN ECF

Answer 18

Sodium, Chloride, Bicarb

Question 19

MAJOR ELECTROLYTES IN ICF

Answer 19

Potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate

Question 20

EXPLAIN THE SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP

Answer 20

sodium concentration is higher in ECF so it tends to enter the cell by diffusion. The cell compensates by moving the sodium back out and the potassium back in

Question 21

OSMOLALITY

Answer 21

the concentration of fluid that affects the movement of water between fluid compartments by osmosis

Question 22

SERUM OSMOLALITY

Answer 22

280-294

Question 23

URINE OSMOLALITY

Answer 23

250-900

Question 24

URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Answer 24

kidneys ability to excrete or conserve water normal range 1.010 to 1.030

Question 25

MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEYS

Answer 25

regulation of ECF volume and osmolality by retention and excretion of body fluids. regulation of normal electrolytes by retention or excretion. regulation of pH of the ECF by retention of hydrogen ions. excretion of metabolic wastes and toxic substances

Question 26

HEART AND BLOOD FUNCTIONS

Answer 26

circulates blood through the kidneys under sufficient pressure to allow for urine formation

Question 27

LUNG FUNCTIONS

Answer 27

remove approximately 300 ml of water daily and also plays a major role in acid-base balance

Question 28

PITUITARY FUNCTIONS

Answer 28

ADH manufactured in hypothalamus and released as needed to conserve water

Question 29

ADRENAL FUNCTION

Answer 29

increased aldosterone secretion causes sodium retention (water retention) and potassium loss. Conversely decreased secretions of aldosterone causes sodium and water loss and potassium retention

Question 30

PARATHROID FUNCTION

Answer 30

regulates calcium and phosphate balance by PTH hormone

Question 31

WHAT DOES PTH DO

Answer 31

influences bone reabsorption, calcium reabsorption from the intestines and calcium reabsorption from the renal tubules

Question 32

RAAS

Answer 32

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 33

ADH AND THIRST CENTER

Answer 33

ADH controls water excretion/absorption. Thirst center is located in the hypothalamus and has important role in maintaining sodium concentration and oral intake of water

Question 34

HYPOVOLEMIA

Answer 34

fluid volume deficit (FVD) occurs when loss of ECF volume exceeds the intake of fluid, not to be confused with dehydration which is loss of water only. Occurs when water and electrolytes are lost in same ratio

Question 35

CAUSES OF HYPOVOLEMIA

Answer 35

abnormal fluid losses such as vomiting, diarrhea, GI suctioning, sweating, decreased intake, third-space shifts, edema formation in burns, ascites in liver dysfunction.

Question 36

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPOVOLEMIA

Answer 36

acute weight loss,decreased skin turgor, oliguria, concentrated urine, orthostatic hypotension, weak rapid heart rate, flattened neck veins, increased temp, thirst, decreased delayed capillary refill, cool, clammy,pale, anorexia, nausea, muscle weakness and crams