key terms

Question 1

reciprocity

Answer 1

caregiver interaction is reciprocal in that both the baby and the caregiver respond to each others signals and elicits a response from the other
1. turn taking - caregiver responds to a baby, and then a baby responds to the caregiver
2. active involvement - both initiate interactions with each other
3. alert phases - babies signal to the caregiver that they are ready for a period of interaction

Question 2

interactional synchrony

Answer 2

caregiver and baby reflect both the actions and emotions of the other
- beginning of synchrony - 2 weeks old. Meltzoff and Moore (1977) shows babies tend to mirror expressions from adults
- it develops caregiver-infant attachment

Question 3

proximity

Answer 3

people try to stay physically close to those they are attached to

Question 4

separation anxiety

Answer 4

people are distressed when an attachment figure leaves their presence

Question 5

secure base behaviour

Answer 5

even when they are independent, the children tend to make regular contact with attachment figures

Question 6

stranger anxiety

Answer 6

the infant is distressed when in close proximity to strangers

Question 7

reunion behaviour

Answer 7

the infant shows pleasure when reunited with their attachment figure

Question 8

caregiver-infant interaction

Answer 8

the communication between a caregiver and infant

Question 9

primary attachment figure

Answer 9

the first person an infant forms attachments with. this is a specific attachment

Question 10

secondary attachment figure

Answer 10

if they are not the first person the infant forms an attachment with. this is called multiple attachments

Question 11

animal studies of attachment

Answer 11

studies that look at the formation of early bonds between non-human parents and their offspring. studied on animals rather than humans either for ethical or practical reasons (breeding times)

Question 12

imprinting

Answer 12

an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother, which takes place during a critical period in development. BIRDS

Question 13

sexual imprinting

Answer 13

the idea that imprinting can affect adult mate preferences. animals will choose to mate with the same kind of object upon which they were imprinted

Question 14

ethology

Answer 14

researchers who promote the use of naturalistic observation to study animal behaviour. they focus on the importance of innate capacities and the adaptiveness of behaviour