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DANB RHS Exam > Key Terms* > Flashcards

Key Terms* Flashcards

1
Q

non-critical instrument

A

instruments that do not come in contact with mucous membranes

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2
Q

quality administration

A

the management of the quality assurance plan in the dental office

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3
Q

hypercementosis

A

the excess deposition of cementum on the root surfaces of teeth (appears radiopaque)

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4
Q

control panel

A

a part of the x-ray machine that contains an on/off switch, an indicator light, and exposure button and control devices to regulate the x-ray beam

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5
Q

external oblique ridge

A

a linear prominence of bone located of the external surface of the body of the mandible (appears radiopaque)

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6
Q

tomogram

A

an extraoral radiograph used to examine the bony components of the temporomandibular joint

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7
Q

particulate radiation

A

tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight lines at high speeds (electrons, protons, neutrons)

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8
Q

bitewing technique

A

an intraoral radiographic technique in which the interproximal surfaces of teeth are examined

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9
Q

control devices

A

the components of the control panel of the x-ray machine that regulate the x-ray beam, including the timer, kilovoltage an milliamperage selectors

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10
Q

indirect theory

A

a theory suggesting that cell damage results from x-ray photons being absorbed with the cell, causing the formation of toxins, which, in turn, damage the cell

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11
Q

radiation absorbed dose (rad)

A

a unit for measuring absorbed dose; the traditional unit of dose equivalent to the gray (Gy)

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12
Q

body of the mandible

A

the horizontal, U-shaped portion of the mandible that extends from ramus to ramus

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13
Q

coronal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sides; runs perpendicular to the ground

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14
Q

septum

A

bony wall or partition that divides a cavity into separate areas (appears radiopaque)

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15
Q

spatial resolution

A

a measurement of pixel size in multiplanar reconstruction

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16
Q

electromagnetic radiation

A

propagation of wavelike energy (without mass) through space or matter

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17
Q

lateral fossa

A

a smooth, depressed area of the maxilla located just inferior and medial to the infraorbital foramen between the maxillary canine and the lateral incisors (appears radiolucent)

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18
Q

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

the jaw joint; includes the temporal bone and the mandible and the articular disc between the two bones

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19
Q

diagnostic radiograph

A

a radiograph that provides much information with images that have proper density and contrast, have sharp outlines, and are of the same shape and size as the object being radiographed

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20
Q

clinical attachment loss (CAL)

A

the measurement of bone loss; the measurement in millimeters of the distance between the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) and the base of the sulcus or periodontal pocket

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21
Q

density

A

the overall darkness of an image

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22
Q

polychromatic x-ray beam

A

an x-ray beam containing many different wavelengths of varying intensities

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23
Q

impulse

A

a measure of exposure time (60 impulses occur in 1 second)

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24
Q

exposure incident

A

a specific incident involving contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that results from procedures performed by the dental professional

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25
Q

milliamperage

A

in radiography, the quantity of x-rays emitted from the tubehead; measured in milliamperes

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26
Q

irregular radiopacities

A

terms used to describe a radiopacity that has irregular borders and is not well defined

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27
Q

copper stem

A

a portion of the anode that dissipates heat away from the tungsten target

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28
Q

foramen

A

an opening or hole in bone that permits the passage of nerves and blood vessels (appears radiolucent)

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29
Q

rotation center

A

in panoramic radiography, the axis or pivotal point on which the receptor and the x-ray tubehead rotate around the patient

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30
Q

positive vertical angulation

A

the positioning of the position-indicating device in a vertical, or up and down, plane

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31
Q

inverse square law

A

a rule that states that “the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of radiation” (as distance is increased, radiation intensity at the object is decreased, and vice versa)

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32
Q

extraoral image

A

an image that results when a receptor is placed outside the mouth and exposed to x-rays to be used to examine large areas of the skull or jaws

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33
Q

interproximal incipient caries

A

caries found between two teeth that extends less than halfway through the thickness of enamel

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34
Q

gutta percha

A

claylike material used in endodontic therapy to fill the canals of the pulp (appears radiopaque)

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35
Q

Sievert (Sv)

A

a unit of measurement equivalent to the rem

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36
Q

contrast resolution

A

the number of gray scale colors available to be chosen for each pixel in the image

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37
Q

digital subtraction

A

a method in digital radiography that reverses the gray scale as an image is being viewed, so that radiolucent images appear white and radiopaque images appear black

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38
Q

right angle

A

in geometry, an angle of 90 degrees formed by two lines perpendicular to each other

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39
Q

intersecting

A

cutting across or through

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40
Q

lipline

A

an artifact seen on a panoramic image formed by the positioning of the patent’s lips

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41
Q

overexposed image

A

an exposure error that results in a dark image, resulting from excessive exposure time, kilovoltage or milliamperage, or a combination of these factors

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42
Q

generalized bone loss

A

bone loss occurring evenly throughout the dental arches

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43
Q

bitewing receptor

A

a receptor used in the interproximal examination

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44
Q

voltage

A

the measurement of force that refers to the potential difference between two electrical charges

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45
Q

photon

A

a bundle of energy with no mass or weight that travels as a wave at the speed of light and moves through space in a straight line

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46
Q

quantity of an x-ray beam

A

the number of x-rays produced in a the dental x-ray unit and is controlled by milliamperage

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47
Q

object-receptor alignment

A

one of the influencing factors for image distortion that refers to the alignment of the tooth and receptor

(Less image distortion results when the tooth and the receptor are parallel to each other)

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48
Q

axial plane

A

a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts; runs parallel to the ground

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49
Q

multiplanar reconstruction (MPR)

A

the reconstruction of raw data into images when imported into viewing software to create three anatomic planes of the body

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50
Q

glossopharyngeal air space

A

the portion of the pharnyx located posterior to the tongue and oral cavity; on a panoramic image, it appears as a vertical radiolucent band superimposed over the ramus of the mandible

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51
Q

mount

A

to place in an appropriate setting for display or to study

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52
Q

torus (plural: tori)

A

a bony growth in the oral cavity

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53
Q

critical instrument

A

instruments that are used to penetrate soft tissue or bone and must be sterilized after each use

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54
Q

mental foramen

A

an opening or hole in bone located on the external surface of the mandible in the region of the mandibular premolars (appears radiolucent)

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55
Q

neutral atom

A

an atom that contains an equal number of protons and electrons

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56
Q

total filtration

A

the combination of the inherent filtration and added filtration in an x-ray machine

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57
Q

electromagnetic radiation

A

the propagation of wavelike energy through space or matter, accompanied by electric and magnetic fields (cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared light, radar waves, microwaves, radio waves)

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58
Q

bloodborne pathogens

A

microorganisms present in blood that cause disease in humans

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59
Q

amperage

A

the number of electrons that pass through a conductor; the strength of an electrical current

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60
Q

floor of the nasal cavity

A

a bony plate formed by the palatal processes of the maxilla and the horizontal processes of the palatine bones (appears radiopaque)

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61
Q

somatic cells

A

all the cells in the body, with the exception of the reproductive cells

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62
Q

wavelength

A

the distance between the crest of one wave to the crest of the next wave; determines the energy and penetrating power of the radiation

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63
Q

low-level disinfectant

A

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)- registered chemical germicides labeled only as “hospital disinfectants” recommended for general housekeeping purposes

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64
Q

gray (Gy)

A

the unit for measuring absorbed dose

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65
Q

pterygomaxillary fissure

A

a narrow space or cleft that separates the lateral pterygoid plate and the maxilla (appears radiolucent)

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66
Q

soft palate

A

the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth separating the mouth and pharynx

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67
Q

panoramic receptor

A

receptor used in the panoramic examination to show a wide view of the maxilla and the mandible

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68
Q

charge-coupled device (CCD)

A

an image receptor found in the intraoral sensor

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69
Q

cone beam computer tomography (CBCT)

A

computer-assisted digital imaging that uses a cone-shaped x-ray beam to acquire information and present it in three dimensions

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70
Q

interproximal caries

A

caries found between two adjacent teeth

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71
Q

buccal caries

A

caries found on the buccal tooth surface

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72
Q

transformer

A

a device used to increase or decrease the voltage of incoming electricity

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73
Q

Rinn XCP instrument

A

a type of beam alignment devices that are used with the paralleling technique, including plastic bite blocks, plastic aiming rings and metal indicator arms

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74
Q

kilovolt (kV)

A

the unit of measurement for voltage

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75
Q

palate

A

roof of the mouth

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76
Q

exposure light

A

a component of the dental x-ray machine control panel that provides a visible signal when x-rays are produced

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77
Q

focal spot

A

the tungsten target of the anode that converts bombarding electrons into x-ray photons by concentrating the electrons and creating an enormous amount of heat

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78
Q

maximum permissible dose (MPD)

A

maximum dose equivalent that a body is permitted to receive in a specific period with little to no injury

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79
Q

sagittal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into the right and left sides; runs perpendicular to the ground

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80
Q

occlusal technique

A

the method used to expose a receptor in the occlusal examination

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81
Q

lamina dura

A

the wall of the tooth socket that surrounds the root of a tooth (appears radiopaque)

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82
Q

radiation

A

a form of energy carried by waves or a stream of particles

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83
Q

internal resorption

A

a regressive alteration of tooth structure that occurs within the crown of a tooth (appears radiolucent)

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84
Q

localization technique

A

method used to locate the position of a tooth or object in the jaws

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85
Q

quality factor (QF)

A

a factor used for radiation protection purposes that accounts for the exposure effects of different types of radiation (QF = 1)

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86
Q

risk

A

the likelihood of adverse effects or death resulting from an exposure to a hazard

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87
Q

tooth-bearing areas

A

regions of the maxilla and mandible in which the human dentition are normally located

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88
Q

critical organ

A

an organ that, if damaged, diminishes the quality of an individual’s life (skin, thyroid gland, lens of the eye, bone marrow)

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89
Q

absorption

A

the total transfer of energy from the x-ray photon to the atom of matter through which the x-ray beam passes

(Absorption depends on the energy of the x-ray beam and the composition of the absorbing matter or tissue)

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90
Q

alveolar bone

A

bone of the maxilla and the mandible that supports and encases the roots of the teeth (appears radiopaque)

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91
Q

metallic restoration

A

restorations that completely absorb x-rays, resulting in little to no radiation contacting the receptor so that the radiographic appearance is totally opaque (amalgam, gold)

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92
Q

periapical receptor

A

an intraoral receptor used to examine the entire tooth and supporting bone

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93
Q

hamulus

A

a small, hooklike projection of bone that extends from the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone (appears radiopaque)

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94
Q

filtration

A

the use of absorbing materials (aluminum) for removing the low-energy x-rays from the primary beam

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95
Q

exposure factors

A

factors that influence the density of a radiograph (milliamperage, kilovoltage, exposure time)

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96
Q

occlusal surfaces

A

the chewing surfaces of the posterior teeth

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97
Q

external auditory meatus

A

a hole or opening in the temporal bone located superior and anterior to the mastoid process

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98
Q

external resorption

A

a regressive alteration of a tooth structure that occurs along the periphery of the root surface

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99
Q

dental radiographer

A

any person who positions, exposes, and processes dental x-ray image receptors

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100
Q

direct current (DC)

A

a current in which electrons flow in one direction

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101
Q

radiation leakage

A

any radiation, with the exception of the primary beam, that is emitted from the dental tubehead

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102
Q

alveolar process

A

portion of the mandible that encases and supports teeth

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103
Q

total dose

A

the quantity of radiation received or the total amount of radiation energy absorbed

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104
Q

periodontium

A

tissues that support teeth (gingiva, alveolar bone)

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105
Q

subject contrast

A

the characteristics of the subject that influence radiographic contrast, including thickness, density, and composition of the subject

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106
Q

angle of the mandible

A

area of the mandible where the body meets the ramus

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107
Q

suture

A

an immovable joint that represents a line of union between adjoining bones of the skull (appears radiolucent)

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108
Q

lingual caries

A

caries found on the lingual tooth surface

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109
Q

image receptor

A

a recording medium

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110
Q

dentin

A

the tooth layer found beneath the enamel and surrounding the pulp cavity (appears radiopaque)

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111
Q

recurrent caries/secondary caries

A

caries found adjacent to a pre-existing restoration

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112
Q

sterilzation

A

the act of sterilizing

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113
Q

temporomandibular joint tomopgraphy

A

an extraoral radiographic technique used to examine the temporomandibular joint

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114
Q

periapical examination

A

a radiographic inspection used to examine the entire tooth and supporting bone

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115
Q

alternating current (AC)

A

a current in which electrons flow in opposite directions

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116
Q

frankfort plane

A

the imaginary plane that intersects the orbital rim of the eye and the opening of the ear

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117
Q

nucleus

A

the central, positively charged core of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons

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118
Q

standard precautions

A

measures that integrate and expand the elements of universal precautions in a standard of care designed to protect health care personnel and patients from pathogens that can be spread by blood r any other bodily fluid, excretion, or secretion

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119
Q

cell differentiation

A

individual characteristics of a cell that determine the response of the cell to radiation exposure

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120
Q

exposure button

A

a component of the dental x-ray machine control panel that activates the dental x-ray machine to produce x-rays

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121
Q

high contrast

A

a term describing an image with many very dark areas and very light areas and few shades of gray

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122
Q

multilocular

A

a term used to describe a radiolucent lesion that exhibits multiple compartments

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123
Q

herringbone pattern

A

an image on a dental radiograph that has been placed in the mouth backward and exposed

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124
Q

kilovoltage peak (kVp)

A

the maximum voltage that is used during an x-ray exposure

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125
Q

nutrient canal(s)

A

a tiny tubelike passageway through bone which contain blood vessels and nerves to supply maxillary teeth and interdental areas (appears radiolucent)

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126
Q

bitewing receptor

A

an intraoral receptor used to examine the crowns of both maxillary and mandibular teeth on one image

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127
Q

periapical lesion

A

a lesion located around the apex of a tooth

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128
Q

ground glass

A

a term used to describe a radiopacity, referring to a granular, pebbled or pulverized-glass appearance of bone that resembles pulverized glass

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129
Q

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Data

A

the universal format for handling, storing and transmitting three-dimensional images

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130
Q

radiography

A

the art and science of making radiographs by the exposure of film to x-rays

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131
Q

underexposed image

A

an exposure error that results in a light image, as a result of inadequate exposure time, kilovoltage, milliamperage or a combination of these factors

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132
Q

focal spot size

A

the size of the tungsten target of the anode; determined by the manufacturer of the x-ray machine

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133
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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134
Q

long-scale contrast

A

a term describing an image with many densities, or many shades of gray, resulting from the use of a higher kilovoltage range

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135
Q

intraoral receptor

A

a receptor placed inside the mouth during x-ray exposure and are used to examine the teeth and supporting structures

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136
Q

maxillary topographic occlusal projection

A

a type of occlusal projection used to examine the palate and anterior teeth of the maxilla

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137
Q

short-term effects

A

effects of radiation that appear within minutes, days, or weeks and are associated with large amounts of radiation absorbed in a short time

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138
Q

magnification

A

a geometric characteristic that refers to a radiographic image that appears larger than the actual size of the object it represents; influenced by target-film distance and object-receptor distance

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139
Q

intermediate-level disinfectant

A

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered chemial germicides labeled only as “hospital disinfectants” and “tuberculocidals” recommended for all surfaces that have been contaminated

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140
Q

standard of care

A

the quality of care that is provided by dental practitioners in a similar locality under the same or similar conditions

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141
Q

intraoral radiographic examination

A

a radiographic inspection of teeth and adjacent intraoral structures

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142
Q

beta particles

A

fast-moving electrons emitted from the nucleus of radioactive atoms

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143
Q

bisect

A

to divide into two equal parts

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144
Q

receptor placement

A

the specific area where the receptor must be positioned before exposure

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145
Q

three-dimensional volume rendering

A

a three-dimensional shape that is created from two-dimensional images

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146
Q

cathode ray

A

a stream of high-speed electrons that originates from the cathode in an x-ray tube

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147
Q

tuberosity

A

a rounded prominence of bone (appears radiopaque)

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148
Q

inter-radicular

A

between the roots of adjacent teeth

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149
Q

calculus

A

a stonelike concretion that forms on the crowns and roots of teeth as a result of the calcification of bacterial plaque (appears radiopaque)

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150
Q

occlusal receptor

A

receptor used in the occlusal examination

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151
Q

periodontal

A

around a tooth

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152
Q

mental ridge

A

a linear prominence of cortical bone located on the external surface of the anterior portion of the mandible (appears radiopaque)

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153
Q

milliampere-second (mAs)

A

a unit of radiographic exposure equal to the product of milliamperage and exposure time

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154
Q

fossa

A

a broad, shallow, depressed area of bone (appears radiolucent)

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155
Q

background radiation

A

a form of ionizing radiation that ubiquitous in the environment (cosmic and terrestrial radiation)

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156
Q

recovery period

A

the period during which cellular damage caused by radiation is followed by repair

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157
Q

proton

A

a positively charged particle with a mass of 1

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158
Q

dentino-enamel junction (DEJ)

A

the junction between the dentin and enamel of a tooth

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159
Q

styloid process

A

a long, pointed, and sharp projection of bone that extends downward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone and is located anterior the mastoid process

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160
Q

indicator light

A

a component of the dental x-ray machine control panel that, when illuminated, indicates that the dental x-ray machine is turned on

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161
Q

occlusal examination

A

a type of intraoral radiographic examination used to inspect large areas of the maxilla or mandible on one image

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162
Q

cathode

A

the negative electrode in the x-ray tube that consists of a tungsten wire filament in a molybdenum cup; supplies the electrons necessary to generate x-rays

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163
Q

dose rate

A

the rate at which exposure radiation occurs and absorption takes place (dose rate = dose/time)

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164
Q

coherent scatter/unmodified scatter

A

one of the interactions of x-radiation with matter in which the path of a low-energy x-ray photon interacts with an outer-shell electron; no change in the atom occurs and an x-ray photon of scattered radiation is produced

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165
Q

negligence

A

omission or failure to provide reasonable precaution, care, or action that occurs when the diagnosis made or the dental treatment provided falls below the standard of care

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166
Q

voxel/three-dimensional pixel

A

the smallest element of a three-dimensional image

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167
Q

tungsten filament

A

a portion of the anode in the x-ray tube that serves as a focal spot and converts bombarding electrons into x-ray photons

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168
Q

periodontal abscess

A

a lesion that originates in a soft tissue pocket and is characterized by the accumulation of pus and destruction of bone (appears radiolucent)

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169
Q

endodontics

A

a branch of dentistry dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the dental pulp

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170
Q

vertical bone loss

A

bone loss that does not occur in a plane parallel to the cemento-enamel junctions of adjacent teeth

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171
Q

interproximal examination

A

a radiographic inspection used to examine the crowns of both maxillary and mandibular teeth on a single image

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172
Q

focal opacity

A

a term used to describe a well-defined, localized radiopaque lesion

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173
Q

canal

A

a tubelike passageway through bone that houses nerves and blood vessels (appears radiolucent)

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174
Q

maxillary torus

A

a nodular mass of bone along the midline of the hard palate

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175
Q

collimation

A

the restriction of the size and shape of the x-ray beam in order to reduce patient exposure

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176
Q

labial mounting

A

a film mounting method in which radiographs are placed in the film mount to be viewed from the labial aspect of the oral cavity

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177
Q

general radiation/bremstrahlung/braking radiation

A

a form of radiation that occurs when speeding electrons slow down because of their interactions with the tungsten target in the anode

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178
Q

cell metabolism

A

the physical and chemical processes of a cell that determine the response of the cell to radation exposure

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179
Q

alveolar crest

A

the most coronal portion of the alveolar bone found between teeth; composed of dense cortical bone (appears radiopaque)

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180
Q

intraoral receptor

A

receptor placed inside the mouth to examine the teeth and supporting structures

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181
Q

multifocal confluent

A

a term used to describe multiple radiopacities that appear to overlap or flow together

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182
Q

lateral jaw projection- body of the mandible

A

an extraoral radiographic projection used to image the posterior body of the mandible in order to evaluate impacted teeth, fractures, lesion located n the body of the mandible

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183
Q

dental radiograph

A

two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object produced on an image receptor by the passage of x-rays through teeth and related supporting structures

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184
Q

horizontal bitewing

A

the bitewing receptor is placed in the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a horizontal direction

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185
Q

trauma

A

injury produced by an external force

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186
Q

mixed lucent-opaque

A

a term used to describe a lesion that exhibits both radiolucent and radiopaque components

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187
Q

glenoid fossa

A

a concave area of the temporal bone on which the mandibular condyle rests

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188
Q

extraoral

A

outside the mouth

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189
Q

genetic cells

A

cells that contain genes; reproductive cells (ova, sperm)

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190
Q

nasal septum

A

a vertical bony wall or portion that divides the nasal cavity into the right and left nasal fossae (appears radiopaque)

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191
Q

exposure

A

a measure of ionization produced in air by x-radiation or gamma radiation

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192
Q

dentulous

A

with teeth; areas that exhibit teeth

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193
Q

mylohyoid ridge

A

a linear prominence of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible that extends from the molar region downward and forward toward the lower border of the mandibular symphysis (appears radiopaque)

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194
Q

anode

A

the positive electrode in the x-ray tube that consists of a wafer-thin tungsten plate embedded in a solid copper rod and converts electrons into x-ray photons

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195
Q

added filtration

A

aluminum discs inserted into the x-ray tubehead seal and collimator to absorb low-energy x-rays

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196
Q

field of view

A

the area that can be captured when performing imaging procedures

197
Q

kilovoltage

A

in radiography, the x-ray tube peak voltage used during an exposure; measured in kilovolts

198
Q

negative vertical angulation

A

the positioning of the position-indicating device above the occlusal plane that directs the central ray downward

199
Q

sharpness

A

refers to the capability of the receptor to reproduce the distinct outlines of an object; influenced by focal spot size and movement

200
Q

short-scale contrast

A

a term describing an image with only two densities resulting from the use of a lower kilovoltage range

201
Q

occupational exposure

A

contact with blood or other infectious materials involving the skin, eye, or mucous membranes that results from procedures performed by the dental professional

202
Q

alveolar bone loss

A

a loss of bone that surrounds and supports teeth in the maxilla or mandible

203
Q

x-radiation

A

a high-energy radiation produced by the collusion of a beam of electrons with a metal target in an x-ray tube

204
Q

sensor

A

a small detector in digital radiography that is placed intraorally to capture a radiographic image

205
Q

coronoid notch

A

a scooped-out concavity of bone located distal to the coronoid process on the ramus of the mandible

206
Q

x-ray beam angulation

A

one of the influencing factors for image distortion that refers to the direction of the x-ray beam

207
Q

Waters projection

A

an extraoral radiographic projection used to evaluate the maxillary sinus area

208
Q

direct theory

A

a theory that suggest that cell damage results when ionizing radiation hits critical areas directly within the cell

209
Q

panoramic view

A

a wide view

210
Q

pulpal sclerosis

A

a diffuse calcification of the pulp chamber and pulp canals of teeth that result in a decreased size of the pulp cavity (appears radiopaque)

211
Q

mitotic activity

A

the process of cell division that determines the response of a cell to radiation exposure

212
Q

occlusal caries

A

caries found on the chewing surfaces of posterior teeth

213
Q

pixel

A

in digital electronic images, digital information is contained in, and presented as, discrete units of information

214
Q

photoelectric effect

A

one of the interactions of x-radiation with matter, where the x-ray photon collides with a tightly bound, inner-shell electron and gives up all its energy to eject the electron from its orbit

215
Q

scatter radiation

A

a form of secondary radiation the results from an x-ray beam that has been deflected from its path by the interaction with matter

216
Q

quality assurance

A

special procedures used to ensure the production of high-quality, diagnostic radiographs

217
Q

internal oblique ridge

A

a linear prominence of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible that extends downward and forward from the ramus (appears radiopaque)

218
Q

pediatric occlusal projection

A

a type of occlusal projection used to examine the anterior teeth of the maxilla or mandible that is recommended for children aged 5 years or younger

219
Q

latent image

A

the invisible image produced when the film is exposed to x-rays

220
Q

contact areas

A

the area where adjacent tooth surfaces touch each other

221
Q

exposure sequence

A

a definite order for periapical receptor placement and exposure that must be followed in the placement and exposure of intraoral films

222
Q

enamel

A

the outermost radiopaque later of the crown of a tooth; the densest structure found in the human body

223
Q

rule of isometry

A

a geometric principal that states “two triangles are equal if they have two equal angles and share a common side”

224
Q

self-determination

A

the legal rights of an individual to make choices about the care they receive, including the opportunity to consent to or refuse treatment

225
Q

superior foramina of the incisive canal

A

two tiny openings or holes in bone that are located on the floor of the nasal cavity (appear radiolucent)

226
Q

movement

A

motion of the receptor or patient during radiographic exposure, resulting in a radiographic image with less sharpness

227
Q

electrical current

A

the flow of electrons through a conductor used to produce x-rays

228
Q

neutral atom

A

an atom that contains an equal number of protons and electrons

229
Q

full mouth series

A

an intraoral series of dental radiographs that show all the tooth-bearing areas of the upper and lower jaws

230
Q

radiosensitive cell

A

a cell that is sensitive to radiation (small lymphocytes, blood, reproductive bone, epithelial cells)

231
Q

liable

A

accountable; legally obligated

232
Q

condensing osteitis

A

a well-defined radiopacity seen below the apex of a nonvital tooth that has a history of long-standing pulpitis (appears radiopaque)

233
Q

nasal cavity

A

a pear-shaped compartment of bone located superior to the maxilla (appears radiolucent)

234
Q

nonstochastic effects

A

somatic effects that have a threshold and increase in severity with increasing absorbed dose

235
Q

open contacts

A

on a dental radiograph, open contacts appear as a thin radiolucent line between adjacent tooth surfaces

236
Q

ionizing radiation

A

radiation that is capable of producing ions by removing or adding an electron to an atom; classified into two groups: particulate radiation and electromagnetic radiation

237
Q

extension arm

A

a part of the dental x-ray machine that suspends the x-ray tubehead and houses the electrical wires that extend from the control panel to the tubehead

238
Q

horizontal angulation

A

the positioning of the position-indicating device and direction of the central ray in a horizontal, or side-to-side, plane

239
Q

finger-holding method

A

a method of exposing receptors in which the patient’s finger or thumb stabilizes the receptor from behind the teeth

240
Q

radiation biology

A

the study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living tissues

241
Q

horizontal bone loss

A

bone loss that occurs in a plane parallel to the cemento-enamel junctions of adjacent teeth

242
Q

extrusion

A

the abnormal displacement of teeth out of bone

243
Q

pulp stones

A

calcifications found in the pulp chamber of pulp canals of teeth (appear radiopaque)

244
Q

incisive canal

A

a passageway through bone that extends from the superior foramina of the incisive canal to the incisive foramen

245
Q

coulomb (C)

A

a unit of electrical charge; the quantity of electrical charge transferred by 1 ampere in 1 second

246
Q

forshortened images

A

images of teeth that appear too short with blunted roots

247
Q

diagnosis

A

identification of a disease by examination or analysis

248
Q

cortical/compact bone

A

the dense outer layer of bone (appears radiopaque)

249
Q

endodontia

A

within a tooth

250
Q

mandibular cross-sectional occlusal projection

A

a type of occlusal projection used to examine the buccal and lingual aspects of the mandible and locate foreign bodies in the floor of the mouth (salivary stones)

251
Q

stochastic effects

A

biologic effects from radiation that occur as a direct function of dose; the probability of occurrence increases with increasing absorbed dose, however, the severity of effects does not depend on the magnitude of absorbed dose

252
Q

direct digital imaging

A

a method of obtaining a digital image in which an intraoral sensor is exposed to x-radiation to capture a radiographic image that can be viewed on a computer monitor

253
Q

tubehead seal

A

the aluminum or leaded-glass covering of the tubehead that permits the exit of x-rays from the tubehead, seals the oil in the tubehead, and filters the x-ray beam

254
Q

storage phosphor imaging

A

a method of obtaining a digital image in with the image is recorded on a phosphor-coated plate and then placed into an electronic processor, where a laser scans the plate and produces an image on a computer

255
Q

x-ray(s)

A

a beam if energy that has the power to penetrate substances and record image shadows on photographic film or digital sensors

256
Q

cephalostat

A

a device in extraoral radiography that includes a receptor holder and head positioner that allow the dental radiographer to position both the receptor and patient easily

257
Q

ionizing radiation

A

radiation capable of producing ions (particulate or electromagnetic radiation)

258
Q

pericoronal

A

around the crown of a tooth

259
Q

tubehead

A

the tightly sealed metal housing that contains the dental x-ray tube; includes the metal housing, insulating oil, tubehead seal, x-ray tube, transformers, aluminum discs, lead collimator, and position-indicating device; also contains a filament used to produce electrons and a target used to produce x-rays

260
Q

perpendicular

A

intersecting at or forming right angles

261
Q

pathologic resorption

A

resorption of a tooth not associated with the normal shedding of a deciduous tooth

262
Q

aluminum discs

A

discs or sheets of aluminum, usually 0.5mm thick, that are placed in the path of x-ray beam to filter out the nonpenetrating, longer-wavelength x-rays

263
Q

step-down transformer

A

a device used to decrease the incoming voltage from 110 or 220 volts to the low voltage required (usually 3 to 5 volts)

264
Q

lateral pterygoid plate

A

a wing-shaped bony projection of the sphenoid bone located distal to the maxillary tuberosity region

265
Q

infraorbital foramen

A

a hole or opening in bone found in the inferior border of the orbit

266
Q

parenteral exposure

A

contact with blood or other infectious materials that results from piercing or puncturing the skin barrier

267
Q

intrusion

A

the abnormal displacement of teeth into bone

268
Q

filament circuit

A

regulates the flow of electrical current to the filament of the x-ray tube and is controlled by the milliampere settings

269
Q

radioactivity

A

the process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo spontaneous disintegration or decay, in an effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state

270
Q

fracture

A

the breaking of a part (appears as a thin radiolucent line)

271
Q

risk management

A

the policies and procedures that the dental professional should follow to reduce the chance that a patient will take legal action against the dental professional or the supervising dentist

272
Q

forshortening

A

a term describing images of teeth that appear too short as a result of excessive vertical angulation

273
Q

nonmetallic restoration

A

restorations that do not completely absorb x-rays and vary in radiographic appearance from slightly radiopaque to radiolucent, depending on the density of the material (porcelain, composite, acrylic)

274
Q

characteristic radiation

A

a form of radiation that occurs when a high-speed electron dislodges from an inner-shell electron from an atom, causing ionization of the atom

275
Q

asepsis

A

the absence of pathogens or disease-causing microorganisms

276
Q

palatoglossal air space

A

refers to the space found between the palate and the tongue; on a panoramic image, it appears as a horizontal radiolucent band located superior to the apices of the maxillary teeth

277
Q

contrast

A

how sharply dark and light areas are differentiated on an image; the difference in the degrees of densities between adjacent areas on a dental radiograph

278
Q

digitize

A

in digital radiography, to convert an image into digital form that can, in turn, be processed by a computer

279
Q

beam alignment device

A

a device used to align the position-indicating device in relation to tooth and receptor that positions the intraoral receptor in the mouth and retains the receptor in position during exposure; helps stabilize the receptor in the mouth and reduce the chance of movement, thus reducing the patient’s exposure to x-radiation

280
Q

submandibular fossa

A

a depressed area of bone located on the internal surface of the mandible inferior to the mylohyoid ridge (appears radiolucent)

281
Q

ALARA concept

A

a concept of radiation protection that states that all exposure to radiation must be kept to a minimum, or “as low as reasonably achieveable”

282
Q

line pairs (lp)/millimeter (mm)

A

a measurement used to evaluate the ability of the computer to capture the resolution or detail of the radiographic image

283
Q

cell

A

the basic structural unit of living organisms

284
Q

total dose

A

quantity of radiation received, or the total amount of radiation energy absorbed

285
Q

intensity

A

the total energy of the x-ray beam; the product of the quantity (number of x-ray photons) and quality (energy of each photon) per unit area time of exposure

286
Q

grid

A

a device used in extraoral imaging used to prevent scatter radiation from reaching the receptor during exposure

287
Q

somatic effects

A

radiation injuries that produce changes in somatic cells and produce poor health in the irradiated individual (cancer, leukemia, cataracts)

288
Q

thermionic emission

A

the release of electrons from the tungsten filament when the electrical current passes through it and heats the filament

289
Q

half-value layer (HVL)

A

the thickness of material that when placed in the path of the x-ray beam, reduces the exposure by one-half

290
Q

genial tubercles

A

tiny bumps of bone located on the lingual aspect of the mandible in the anterior region (appear radiopaque)

291
Q

caries

A

tooth decay caused by microorganisms (appears radiolucent)

292
Q

median palatal suture

A

the immovable joint between the two palatine processes of the maxilla (appears radiolucent)

293
Q

analog image

A

a radiographic image produced by conventional film

294
Q

receptor contrast

A

the characteristics of the receptor that influence radiographic contrast that includes the inherent qualities of the receptor and receptor processing and the qualities of the sensor

295
Q

personal protective equipment (PPE)

A

equipment work by dental professionals to protect themselves from hazards, including gloves, mask, and eyeware

296
Q

mandibular condoyle

A

a rounded projection of bone extending from the posterosuperior border of the ramus of the mandible

297
Q

energy

A

what occurs when matter is altered

298
Q

submentovertex projection

A

an extraoral radiographic projection used to identify the position of the condoyles, demonstrate the base of the skull and evaluate fractures of the zygomatic arch

299
Q

Roentgen equivalent in man (rem)

A

the traditional unit of the dose equivalent; the product of absorbed dose (rad) and a quality factor (QF) specific for the type of radiation

300
Q

three-dimensional digital imaging

A

an image that demonstrates structures in three dimensions

301
Q

phalangioma

A

a error on a dental radiograph the refers to the distal phalanx of the finger seen on the radiograph, as a result of the finger-holding method with the bisecting technique

302
Q

metal housing

A

the metal body of the dental x-ray tubehead that surrounds the x-ray tube and trasnformers

303
Q

cavity

A

a hole in a tooth that results from the caries process (appears radiolucent)

304
Q

insulating oil

A

oil that surrounds the x-ray tube and transformers inside the tubehead

305
Q

object-receptor distance

A

one of the influencing factors of image magnification that refers to the distance between the object being radiographed and the receptor

306
Q

high-voltage circuit

A

the circuit that provides the high voltage required to accelerate electrons and to generate x-rays in the x-ray tube; controlled by the kilovoltage settings

307
Q

pulp cavity

A

a cavity within a tooth that includes both the pulp chamber and pulp canals, containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics (appears radiolucent)

308
Q

radiograph

A

a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object

309
Q

central ray

A

the central portion of the primary beam of x-radiation

310
Q

dose-response curve

A

a curve that can be used to correlate the “response,” or damage of tissues with the “dose,” or amount of radiation received

311
Q

uvula

A

a small, muscular structure located on the free edge of the soft palate

312
Q

unilocular corticated

A

a term used to describe a radiolucent lesion that exhibits one compartment with a well-defined outer border

313
Q

lead apron

A

a flexible lead shield used to protect the patient’s reproductive and blood-forming tissues from scatter radiation

314
Q

radiology

A

the science or study of radiation as used in medicine, dealing with the use of x-rays, radioactive substances, and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

315
Q

high-level disinfectant

A

chemicals classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as “sterilants-disinfectants” to be used to disinfect heat-sensitive, semicritical dental instruments

316
Q

quality control tests

A

specific tests designed to maintain and monitor dental x-ray equipment, supplies and processing

317
Q

periapical cyst

A

a lesion characterized by an epithelial-lined cavity or sac located around the apex of a nonvital tooth that results from pulpal death (appears radiolucent)

318
Q

mandibular canal

A

a tubelike passageway through bone that travels the length of the mandible (appears radiolucent)

319
Q

lingula

A

a small, tongue-shaped projection of bone seen adjacent to the mandibular foramen

320
Q

Compton scatter

A

one of the interactions of x-radiation with matter in which the x-ray photon collides with a loosely bound, outer-shell electron and gives up part of its energy and continues in a different direction at a lower energy level

321
Q

bitewing tab

A

a heavy paperboard tab or loop fitted around an intraoral receptor and used to stabilize the receptor during the exposure

322
Q

latent period

A

the amount of time that elapses between exposure to ionizing radiation and the appearance of observable clinical signs on the radiograph

323
Q

particulate radiations

A

tiny particles of matter that possess mass and travel in straight lines at high speeds

324
Q

posterior teeth

A

premolars and molars

325
Q

overlapped contacts

A

the area on a dental image where the contact area of one tooth is superimposed over the contact area of an adjacent tooth

326
Q

lead collimator

A

a lead diaphragm or tubular device used to restrict the size and shape of the x-ray beam

327
Q

maximum accumulated dose (MAD)

A

the maximum accumulated lifetime radiation dose that may be received by persons who are occupationally exposed to radiation

328
Q

digital imaging

A

a filmless imaging system that captures a radiographic image using a sensor and breaking it into electronic pieces, and presenting and storing the image electronically

329
Q

volt (V)

A

unit of measure for voltage

330
Q

cumulative effects

A

the additive effects of repeated radiation exposure

331
Q

Reverse Towne projection

A

an extraoral radiographic projection used to identify fractures of the condylar neck and ramus area

332
Q

indirect digital imaging

A

a method of obtaining a digital image in which an existing radiograph is scanned and converted into digital form using a charge-coupled device camera

333
Q

mental fossa

A

a scooped-out depressed area of bone located on the external surface of the anterior mandible (appears radiolucent)

334
Q

disinfect

A

to inhibit or destroy disease-causing microorganisms through use of a chemical or physical procedure

335
Q

periodontal ligament space (PDL)

A

a space that exists between the root of a tooth and the lamina dura, which contains connective tissue fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics (appears radiolucent)

336
Q

paralleling technique

A

an intraoral radiographic technique used to expose periapical receptors where the receptor is placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth, the central ray is directed perpendicular to the receptor and the long axis of the tooth and a beam alignment device must be used to keep the receptor parallel to long axis of the tooth

337
Q

velocity

A

speed; in dental radiography, the speed of a wave

338
Q

scale of contrast

A

the range of useful densities seen on a dental image

339
Q

filament current/low-voltage circuit

A

the circuit that regulates the flow of electrical current to the filament of the x-ray tube; controlled by the milliampere settings

340
Q

zygomatic process of the maxilla

A

a bony projection of the maxilla that articulates with the zygoma (appears as a J-shaped or U-shaped radiopacity on a maxillary molar periapical image)

341
Q

circuit

A

a path of electrical current

342
Q

image interpretation

A

an explanation of what is viewed on a dental radiograph; the ability to read what is revealed by a dental radiograph

343
Q

elongated images

A

images on a dental radiograph that appear long and distortede

344
Q

intraoral

A

inside the mouth

345
Q

infectious waste

A

waste that consists of blood, bloodborne pathogens, contaminated sharps, or other microbiologic products

346
Q

incisive foramen

A

an opening or hole in bone located at the midline of the anterior portion of the hard palate directly posterior to the maxillary central incisors (appears radiolucent)

347
Q

target-receptor distance

A

one of the influencing factors of image magnification that refers to the distance between the source of x-rays and the receptor

348
Q

rampant caries

A

caries that affects numerous teeth in the dentition

349
Q

posteroanterior projection

A

an extraoral radiographic projection of the skull used to evaluate facial growth, trauma, diseases, and developmental abnormalities

350
Q

leaded-glass housing

A

leaded-glass vacuum tube that prevents x-rays from escaping in all directions

351
Q

mass

A

weight; the physical volume or bulk of a solid body

352
Q

milliampere (mA)

A

a unit of measurement used to describe the intensity of an electrical current (1/1000 of an ampere)

353
Q

zygoma/zygomatic bone

A

the cheekbone (appears as a diffuse radiopaque band posterior to the zygomatic process of the maxilla)

354
Q

process

A

a marked prominence or projection of bone (appears radiopaque)

355
Q

rectification

A

the conversion of alternating current to direct current

356
Q

quality of an x-ray beam

A

the mean energy or penetrating ability of the x-ray beam that is controlled by the kilovoltage

357
Q

localized bone loss

A

bone loss occurring in isolated areas

358
Q

mastoid process

A

a marked prominence of bone located posteroinferior to the temporomandibular joint

359
Q

vacuum tube

A

a sealed glass tube from which most of the air has been evacuated

360
Q

statute of limitations

A

a period in which a patient may bring a malpractice action against a dentist or an auxillary

361
Q

nucleon

A

part of an atomic nucleus (protons, neutrons)

362
Q

inverted Y

A

a radiographic landmark that represents the intersection of the maxillary sinus and the nasal cavity (appears radiopaque)

363
Q

edentulous

A

a patient without teeth

364
Q

radiopaque

A

the portion of an image that is light or white due to the structure resisting the passage of the x-ray beam and limiting the amount of x-rays that reach the receptor

365
Q

extraoral imaging

A

a radiographic inspection of large areas of the skull or jaws that requires the use of extraoral imagine receptors

366
Q

pediatric dentistry

A

a branch of dentistry dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of dental diseases in children

367
Q

focal trough

A

a three-dimensional curved zone in which structures are clearly demonstrated on a panoramic image (a patient must be positioned so that the dental aches are located within the focal trough area)

368
Q

transcranial projection

A

an extraoral radiographic projection used to evaluate the superior surface of the condoyle and the articular eminence; can also be used to evaluate the movement of the condoyle when the mouth is open

369
Q

pulpal obliteration

A

total calcification of the pulp cavity (appears radiopaque)

370
Q

buccal object rule

A

governs the orientation of structures portrayed in two images exposed at different angulations; used to determine the buccal-lingual relationship of an object

371
Q

underexposed film

A

an exposure error that results in a light film due to inadequate exposure time, kilovoltage, milliamperage, or a combination of these factors

372
Q

avulsion

A

the complete displacement of a tooth from the alveolar bone

373
Q

primary radiation/primary beam/useful beam

A

the penetrating x-ray beam produced at the target of the anode and the exits the tubehead

374
Q

sinus

A

a hollow space, cavity, or recess in bone (appears radiolucent)

375
Q

pathogen

A

a microorganism capable of causing disease

376
Q

interproximal

A

between two adjacent surfaces

377
Q

maxillary sinuses

A

paired compartments of bone located within the maxilla and located superior to the maxillary posterior teeth (appears radiolucent)

378
Q

collimator/collimating device

A

a diaphragm, usually made of lead, used to restrict the size and shape of the x-ray beam

379
Q

sclerotic bone/osteosclerosis

A

a well-defined radiopacity seen below the apices of vital, noncarious teeth

380
Q

right-angle technique

A

a localization technique in which the structures can be seen in two radiographs (one periapical and one occlusal)

381
Q

stepwedge

A

a device constructed of uniform-layered thickness of an x-ray absorbing material (usually aluminum) to absorb varying amounts of x-rays and are used to demonstrate film densities and contrast scales

382
Q

lingual foramen

A

an opening or hole in bone located on the internal surface of the mandible near the midline (appears radiolucent)

383
Q

periapical

A

around the apex of a tooth

384
Q

articular eminence

A

a rounded projection of of the temporal bone located anterior to the glenoid fossa

385
Q

penumbra

A

the fuzzy, unclear area that surrounds a radiographic image

386
Q

physiologic resorption

A

resorption of teeth associated with the normal shedding of a deciduous tooth

387
Q

angle

A

in geometry, a figure formed by two lines diverging from a common point

388
Q

molybdenum cup

A

a portion of the cathode in the x-ray tube that focuses electrons into a narrow beam and directs the beam across the tube toward the tungsten target in the anode

389
Q

receptor

A

something that responds to a stimulus; a recording medium (x-ray film, digital sensors)

390
Q

high-voltage circuit

A

provides the high voltage required to accelerate electrons and to generate x-rays in the x-ray tube; controlled by the kilovoltage settings (65,000-100,000 volts)

391
Q

complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)/active pixel sensor (APS)

A

silicon-based detector used in digital imaging that differs from the charge-coupled device (CCD) in the way that the pixels are read

392
Q

lateral cephalometric projection

A

an extraoral image that is used to determine facial growth and development, trauma, disease, and developmental abnormalities

393
Q

nanometer

A

a measurement used for wavelength

394
Q

exposure time

A

the interval during which x-rays are produced

395
Q

alpha particles

A

a type of particulate radiation emitted from the nuclei of heavy metals; contain two protons and two neutrons are are positively charged

396
Q

low contrast

A

a term describing an image with many shades of gray and few areas of black and white

397
Q

bit-depth image

A

the number of possible gray-scale combinations for each pixel

398
Q

mandibular topographic occlusal projection

A

a type of occlusal projection used to examine the anterior teeth of the mandible

399
Q

distortion

A

a geometric characteristic that refers to a variation in the true size and shape of the object being radiographed; influenced by object-receptor alignment and x-ray beam angulation

400
Q

compton electron

A

an outer-shell electron that is ejected from the its orbit during Compton scatter; carries a negative charge

401
Q

parallel

A

moving or lying in the same plane; always separated by the same distance and not interacting

402
Q

image

A

a picture or likeness of an object

403
Q

atom

A

a tiny, invisible particle that is the fundamental unit of matter

404
Q

panoramic imaging

A

an extraoral technique used to examine the upper and lower jaws on a single projection

405
Q

vertical bitewing

A

the bitewing receptor is placed in the mouth with the long portion of the receptor in a vertical direction

406
Q

tomography

A

radiography technique that allows the imaging of one layer or section of the body while blurring images from structures in other planes

407
Q

dose

A

the amount of energy absorbed by tissue

408
Q

long axis of a tooth

A

an imaginary line that divides a tooth longitudinally into two equal halves

409
Q

long-term effects

A

effects of radiation that appear years, decades, or generations after exposure and are associated with small amounts of radiation absorbed repeatedly over a long period

410
Q

electricity

A

the energy used as a source of power to make x-rays

411
Q

lingual mounting

A

a film mounting method in which radiographs are placed in the film mount to be viewed from the lingual aspect of the oral cavity

412
Q

dose equivalent

A

a measurement used to compare the biologic effects of different types of radiation

413
Q

tubercle

A

a small bump or nodule of bone (appears radiopaque)

414
Q

radioresistant cell

A

a cell that is resistant to radiation (bone, muscle, nerve cells)

415
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

416
Q

sharp

A

any object that can penetrate skin, including, but not limited to, needles and scalpels

417
Q

luxation

A

the abnormal displacement of a tooth

418
Q

malpractice

A

improper or negligent conduct or treatment

419
Q

target lesion

A

a well-defined, localized radiopacity surrounded by a uniform radiolucent halo

420
Q

root surface caries

A

caries found on the roots of teeth

421
Q

periapical abscess

A

a lesion characterized by a localized collection of pus around the apex of a nonvital tooth that results from pulpal death (appears radiolucent)

422
Q

hard palate

A

the bony plate that separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity in the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

423
Q

anterior nasal spine

A

a sharp projection of the maxilla located in the anteroinferior portion of the nasal cavity (appears radiopaque)

424
Q

anterior teeth

A

incisors and canines

425
Q

disclosure

A

in dental radiography, the process of informing a patient about the particulars of exposing dental radiographs

426
Q

Roentgen (R)

A

the traditional unit of exposure for x-rays

427
Q

lateral jaw projection- ramus of the mandible

A

an extraoral radiographic projection used to image the ramus of the mandible in order to evaluate impacted third molars, large lesions, and fractures that extend into the ramus of the mandible

428
Q

coronoid process

A

a marked prominence of bone located on the anterior ramus of the mandible (appears radiopaque)

429
Q

ion

A

an electrically unbalanced particle; an atom that gains or loses an electron

430
Q

informed consent

A

consent given by a patient following complete disclosure about the particulars of a procedure

431
Q

tungsten filament

A

a coiled wire of tungsten in the cathode in the x-ray tube that produces electrons when heated

432
Q

inherent filtration

A

occurs when the primary beam passes through the glass window of the x-ray tube, the insulating oil, and the tubehead seal

433
Q

mandibular foramen

A

a round or ovoid hole in bone on the lingual aspect of the ramus of the mandible

434
Q

incipient

A

small; beginning to exist or appear

435
Q

inferior border of the mandible

A

a linear prominence of cortical bone that extends from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity (appears radiopaque)

436
Q

maxillary lateral occlusal projection

A

a type of occlusal projection used to examine the palatal roots of molar teeth and locate foreign bodies or lesions in the posterior maxilla

437
Q

disinfection

A

the act of disinfecting

438
Q

position-indication device (PID)

A

an open-ended, lead-lined cylinder extending from the opening of the metal housing of the tubehead, used to aim and shape the beam

439
Q

bisecting technique

A

an intraoral radiographic technique used to expose periapical receptors

the receptor is placed along the lingual surface of the tooth, the central ray of the x-ray beam is directed perpendicular to the imaginary bisector formed by the receptor and the long axis of the tooth

440
Q

cone-cut

A

a clear, unexposed area of a dental radiograph that occurs when the position-indicating device is misaligned and the x-ray beam is not centered over the film

441
Q

autotransformer

A

a voltage compensator that corrects for minor fluctuations in the current flowing through the x-ray machine

442
Q

imaginary bisector

A

an imaginary plane that divides in half the angle formed by the receptor and the long axis of the tooth; creates two equal angles and provides a common side for the two imaginary equal triangles

443
Q

uniocular noncorticated

A

a term used to describe a radiolucent lesion that exhibits one compartment without a well-defined outer border

444
Q

angulation

A

the alignment of the central x-ray beam in the horizontal and vertical planes

445
Q

step- up transformer

A

a device used to increase the incoming line voltage from 110 or 220 volts to the high voltage required (usually 65,000 to 100,000 volts)

446
Q

inferior nasal conchae

A

wafer-thin, curved plates of bone that extend from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity (appears radiopaque)

447
Q

period of injury

A

occurs after the latent period following exposure to radiation and can include a variety of cellular injuries

448
Q

cancellous

A

the soft, spongy bone located between two layers of dense cortical bone (appears radiolucent)

449
Q

film mounting

A

the arrangement of radiographs in anatomic order

450
Q

periapical receptor

A

receptor used in the periapical examination

451
Q

electron

A

a tiny negatively charged particle found outside of the nucleus in the atom

452
Q

pediatric patient

A

a child patient

453
Q

genetic effects

A

effects of radiation that are not seen in the person irradiated but are passed on to future generations through genetic cells

454
Q

ramus

A

vertical portion of the mandible that is found posterior to the third molar (one rami on each side)

455
Q

mandibular torus

A

a bony growth seen along the lingual aspect of the mandible

456
Q

liability

A

legal accountability

457
Q

occlusal receptor

A

a receptor used to examine large areas of the maxilla or the mandible where the patient occludes on the entire receptor

458
Q

sterilize

A

the use of a physical or chemical procedure to destroy all pathogens, including highly resistant bacterial and fungal spores

459
Q

extraoral receptor

A

receptor placed outside the mouth to examine large areas of the skull or jaws

460
Q

subject thickness

A

the thickness of soft tissue and bone in a patient

461
Q

antiseptic

A

a substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria

462
Q

maxillary tuberosity

A

a rounded prominence of bone that extends posterior to the third molar region (appears radiopaque)

463
Q

edentulous zone

A

areas where teeth are no longer present

464
Q

periodontal disease

A

a group of diseases that affects the tissues around teeth

465
Q

cavitation

A

a hole or cavity in a tooth that results from the caries process (appears radiolucent)

466
Q

midsagittal plane

A

an imaginary line or plane passing thought the center of the body that divides it into right and left halves

467
Q

frequency

A

the number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain amount of time and indicates the energy of radiation

468
Q

ridge

A

a linear prominence or projection of bone (appears radiopaque)

469
Q

elongation

A

a term used in radiography to describe the images of teeth that appear longer than the actual teeth, as a result of insufficient vertical angulation

470
Q

protective barrier

A

a barrier of radiation-absorbing material used to protect the operator from the primary and scatter radiation (a wall)

471
Q

neutron

A

an electrically neutral or uncharged particle

472
Q

radiolucent

A

the portion of an image that is dark or black due to the structure readily permitting the passage of the x-ray beam to allow more x-rays to reach the receptor

473
Q

ghost image

A

an artifact on a dental radiograph produced when a radiodense object (earring) is penetrated twice by the x-ray beam (appears radiopaque)

474
Q

soft tissue opacity

A

a well-defined radiopacity located in the soft tissue and viewed on a radiograph

475
Q

nasopharyngeal air space

A

refers to the portion of the pharynx located posterior to the nasal cavity; on a panoramic image, it appears as a diagonal radiolucency located superior to the radiopaque shadow of the soft palate and uvula

476
Q

head positioner

A

one of the component parts of a panoramic unit consisting of a chin rest, notched bite block, forehead rest, and lateral head supports

477
Q

anatomic order

A

the order in which teeth are arranged within the dental arches

478
Q

digital image

A

an image composed of pixels

479
Q

thyroid collar

A

a flexible lead shield used to protect the thyroid from scatter radiation

480
Q

periapical granuloma

A

a lesion characterized by a localized mass of granulation tissue around the apex of a nonvital tooth (appears radiolucent)

481
Q

x-ray tube

A

a component part of the x-ray tubehead that generate x-rays, including a leaded-glass vacuum tube, cathode, and anode

482
Q

furcation area

A

the area between the roots of multi-rooted teeth

483
Q

semicritical instrument

A

instruments that contact but do not penetrate soft tissue or bone and must be sterilized after each use

484
Q

rampant

A

growing or spreading unchecked

485
Q

secondary radiation

A

radiation created when the primary beam interacts with matter; less penetrating that primary radiation

486
Q

cone-beam technology

A

a three-dimensional imaging technique that cone-shaped radiation beam to acquire a digital image

487
Q

ampere (A)

A

the unit of measure used to describe the number of electrons passing through a conductor (electrical current strength)

488
Q

film badge

A

a device used to measure and monitor radiation exposure; worn by persons frequently exposed to radiation

DANB RHS Exam (9 decks)

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