key terms Flashcards
Adult Literacy Rate
the proportion of the adult population aged 15 years and over that is literate. This indicator provides a measure of the stock of literate persons within the adult population who are capable of using written words in daily life and to continue to learn.
Asian Dragons (Asian Tigers)
The high-growth economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan: all of which focus on exports, an educated populace and high savings rates as pathways to development.
Fair Trade –
One of a variety of different global trading systems that seek to guarantee fair (higher) payment for producers; often with other social and environmental considerations.
Gig Economy –
A labor market characterized by the prevalence of short-term contracts or freelance work as opposed to permanent jobs.
Dependency Theory -
- many countries continue to be dependent upon the relationships established during colonialism
Modernization theory
–Belief that, with the proper intervention each country will pass through a similar pathway of development
Purchase Power Parity (PPP) –
A formula that accounts for cost of living variability from one place to another. PPP adjusted income allows for a meaningful comparison between two places with different cost structures.
Rostows Stages of Growth
– A concept that aims to categorize any national economy according to its stage. Stages are deterministic. The 5 stages are: traditional, transitional, take- off, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption.
World Systems Theory
– an approach to world history and social change that suggests there is a world economic system in which some countries benefit while others are exploited
Green Revolution:
a new agricultural technology characterized by high-yield seeds and fertilizers exported from the core to the periphery in order to increase their agricultural productivity
intensive subsistence agriculture:
a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers involve the effective and efficient use of small parcels of land in order to maximize crop yield per hectare
transhumance:
a seasonal vertical movement by herding the livestock to cooler, greener high country pastures in the summer and returning them to lowland settings for fall and winter grazing
Swidden:
cleared land and ready for cultivation
Fordist:
single site mass production
Outsourcing
– shifting the production of a good or the provision of a service from within a company to an externals source.
Offshore
- outsources work that is located outside the country
Bulk reducing:
the inputs weighs more than the final product; located near the source of input
Concentric zone model
– a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings
Multiple-nuclei model –
a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities
Primate city
– the largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
Sector model
– a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, radiating out from the central business district
Shock cities
surprising and disturbing changes in economic, social, and cultural life in a short period of time
ex. chicago
Eutrophication
– the process by which nutrient-rich waters promote the growth of algae, and when the abundant algal blooms die, the decomposition of the dead plant material consumes large amounts of oxygen.
Greenhouse effect –
the trapping of longwave radiation (heat) by certain greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere; greenhouse gases absorb and reradiate the heat radiated from the Earth, increasing global temperatures by 35o C compared to an atmosphere with no greenhouse effect.
