key terms

Question 1

Adult Literacy Rate

Answer 1

the proportion of the adult population aged 15 years and over that is literate. This indicator provides a measure of the stock of literate persons within the adult population who are capable of using written words in daily life and to continue to learn.

Question 2

Asian Dragons (Asian Tigers)

Answer 2

The high-growth economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan: all of which focus on exports, an educated populace and high savings rates as pathways to development.

Question 3

Fair Trade –

Answer 3

One of a variety of different global trading systems that seek to guarantee fair (higher) payment for producers; often with other social and environmental considerations.

Question 4

Gig Economy –

Answer 4

A labor market characterized by the prevalence of short-term contracts or freelance work as opposed to permanent jobs.

Question 5

Dependency Theory -

Answer 5

• many countries continue to be dependent upon the relationships established during colonialism

Question 6

Modernization theory

Answer 6

–Belief that, with the proper intervention each country will pass through a similar pathway of development

Question 7

Purchase Power Parity (PPP) –

Answer 7

A formula that accounts for cost of living variability from one place to another. PPP adjusted income allows for a meaningful comparison between two places with different cost structures.

Question 8

Rostows Stages of Growth

Answer 8

– A concept that aims to categorize any national economy according to its stage. Stages are deterministic. The 5 stages are: traditional, transitional, take- off, drive to maturity, and high mass consumption.

Question 9

World Systems Theory

Answer 9

– an approach to world history and social change that suggests there is a world economic system in which some countries benefit while others are exploited

Question 10

Green Revolution:

Answer 10

a new agricultural technology characterized by high-yield seeds and fertilizers exported from the core to the periphery in order to increase their agricultural productivity

Question 11

intensive subsistence agriculture:

Answer 11

a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers involve the effective and efficient use of small parcels of land in order to maximize crop yield per hectare

Question 12

transhumance:

Answer 12

a seasonal vertical movement by herding the livestock to cooler, greener high country pastures in the summer and returning them to lowland settings for fall and winter grazing

Question 13

Swidden:

Answer 13

cleared land and ready for cultivation

Question 14

Fordist:

Answer 14

single site mass production

Question 15

Outsourcing

Answer 15

– shifting the production of a good or the provision of a service from within a company to an externals source.

Question 16

Offshore

Answer 16

• outsources work that is located outside the country

Question 17

Bulk reducing:

Answer 17

the inputs weighs more than the final product; located near the source of input

Question 18

Concentric zone model

Answer 18

– a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings

Question 19

Multiple-nuclei model –

Answer 19

a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities

Question 20

Primate city

Answer 20

– the largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

Question 21

Sector model

Answer 21

– a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, radiating out from the central business district

Question 22

Shock cities

Answer 22

surprising and disturbing changes in economic, social, and cultural life in a short period of time
ex. chicago

Question 23

Eutrophication

Answer 23

– the process by which nutrient-rich waters promote the growth of algae, and when the abundant algal blooms die, the decomposition of the dead plant material consumes large amounts of oxygen.

Question 24

Greenhouse effect –

Answer 24

the trapping of longwave radiation (heat) by certain greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere; greenhouse gases absorb and reradiate the heat radiated from the Earth, increasing global temperatures by 35o C compared to an atmosphere with no greenhouse effect.