FINAL REVIEW

Question 1

Comparing ethnicity and race reveals _____
A) they are very similar concepts.
B) ethnicity is part of a person’s cultural identity but race is not.
C) race is a better indicator of what someone is like than ethnicity.
D) it is possible not to have an ethnicity but everyone belongs to a race.
E) both are biologically determined but only race involves skin color.

Answer 1

B) ethnicity is part of a person’s cultural identity by race is not

Question 2

African Americans are mainly clustered in ______ of the United States?
A) Southeast
B) Southwest
C) Plains states
D) Pacific Northwest
E) Northeast

Answer 2

A) Southeast

Question 3

The distinction between nationality and ethnicity is important because _____
A) nationalities usually form independent countries.
B) it is similar to the difference between race and ethnicity.
C) nationality is inherited but ethnicity is not.
D) ethnicity is considered more important than nationality.
E) nationality is considered more important than ethnicity.

Answer 3

A)nationalities usually form independent countries.

Question 4

4. Attributes of a state include all of the following EXCEPT ______
   A) sovereignty.
   B) is synonymous to the term country.
   C) an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs.
   D) must possess a military.
   E) it occupies a defined territory on Earth’s surface and contains a permanent population.

Answer 4

D) must possess a military.

Question 5

The attempt by one country to impose political control over another territory is
A) constitutionality.
B) self-determination.
C) sovereignty.
D) suffrage.
E) colonialism.

Answer 5

E) Colonialism

Question 6

The process of redrawing legislative boundaries to benefit the party in power is called ___
A) hanging chads.
B) stacking votes.
C) gerrymandering.
D) redlining.
E) blockbusting.

Answer 6

C) gerrymandering.

Question 7

he United Nations measures the AVERAGE INCOME comparable across countries through a complex index called _____
A) gross domestic product (GDP).
B) annual gross national income per capita at purchasing power parity.
C) gross national income at human development index.
D) annual gross national product at average income.
E) development index at purchasing power parity.

Answer 7

B) annual gross national income per capita at purchasing power parity.

Question 8

8. In manufacturing, the _______ is the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.
   A) purchasing power
   B) impact factor
   C) productivity
   D) value added
   E) profit index quotient

Answer 8

D) value added

Question 9

9. ____ is trade that protects small businesses and workers.
   A) Free trade
   B) Fair trade
   C) Equal trade
   D) Sustainable trade
   E) Humane trade

Answer 9

B) Fair trade

Question 10

The most important crop to the densely populated regions of East, South, and Southeast Asia is _____
A) tea.
B) paddy rice.
C) wheat and barley.
D) corn.
E) cotton.

Answer 10

B) paddy rice.

Question 11

Which ( _____ ) of the following is NOT a commonly proposed strategy to address issues with food supply?
A) expanding agricultural land B) increasing agricultural productivity
C) increasing employment in fishing D) improving food sources
E) expanding exports

Answer 11

C) increasing employment in fishing

Question 12

According to von Thünen’s model, which ( _____ ) of the following activities would take place in the outermost ring around a market center?
(A) market gardening
(B) dairy farming
(C) forestry
(D) raising field crops
(E) animal grazing

Answer 12

E) animal grazing

Question 13

5. The practice of corporations controlling all phases of production is called _____
   A) maquiladoras.
   B) complete manufacturing.
   C) horizontal integration.
   D) vertical integration.
   E) top-down manufacturing.

Answer 13

D) vertical integration.

Question 14

The rank-size rule states that a countries nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. Why does Mexico deviate from this rule? _______
A) Mexico doesn’t have any sufficiently large cities.
B) The Mexican census is very unreliable.
C) Mexico has three very large population centers.
D) The difference between the population of Mexico City and the next biggest city is very large.
E) Most of the Mexican population lives near the U.S. border.

Answer 14

D) The difference between the population of Mexico City and the next biggest city is very large.

Question 15

World cities are most closely integrated into the global economic system because they___
A) are at the center of the flow of information and capital.
B) control the flow of labor and technology.
C) contribute money to local, regional and national candidates for elective officers.
D) are at the heart of the supply chain and make sure goods move freely.
E) are integral to the functioning of democracy.

Answer 15

A) are at the center of the flow of information and capital.

Question 16

18. Which model ____ of the internal social structure of the city explains that growth develops in a series of sectors?
    A) the concentric model
    B) the sector model
    C) the multiple nuclei model
    D) the adaptive concentric model E) the successive hierarchy model

Answer 16

B) the sector model

Question 17

9. A gas threatening Earth’s ozone layer is ___
   A) sulfur dioxides.
   B) chlorofluorocarbons.
   C) the greenhouse effect.
   D) photochemical smog.
   E) nitrous oxide.

Answer 17

B) chlorofluorocarbons.

Question 18

20. Which ___ of the following is a pollutant at the global scale?
    A) acid precipitation
    B) carbon monoxide
    C) sulfur oxides
    D) particulates
    E) carbon dioxide

Answer 18

E) carbon dioxide

Question 19

Segregation

Answer 19

Segregation - the separation or isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by enforced or voluntary residence in a restricted area, by barriers to social interaction, by separate educational facilities, or by other discriminatory means

Question 20

Supranational organization

Answer 20

a multinational union or association in which member countries cede authority and sovereignty on at least some internal matters to the group, whose decisions are binding on its members. Examples include the UN, EU, and NATO

Question 21

Absolute Advantage

Answer 21

in economic terms, a country that is blessed with abundant natural resources or geographic advantages that are rare or in short supply and in high demand elsewhere

Question 22

Comparative Advantage

Answer 22

a concept that explains how and why countries or individuals can benefit from trading with each other even if one is more efficient at producing everything. It is about focusing on what you are relatively better at compared to others. The outcome tends to be specialization across places

Question 23

Fair Trade

Answer 23

a movement and certification system aimed at incurring that producers, often in developing countries, receive fair payment and work under good conditions. It emphasized direct, more equitable trade relationships, usually for products like coffee, chocolate, and handicrafts

Question 24

Opportunity Cost

Answer 24

the value of the next best alternative that you give up when you make a choice. It refers to what you sacrifice in order to fo or get something else. For example, if you spend your evening watching a movie, the opportunity cost is what you could have gained by spending that time differently, like studying or working

Question 25

Agribusiness

Answer 25

the various business activities involved in large-scale agricultural production encompassing the range of processes from farm to market. It emphasizes the industrialize d and commercial aspects of agriculture, often involving large corporations that manage the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products

Question 26

Outsourcing

Answer 26

the practice of hiring external companies or individuals to handle certain business activities, or services that could be done internally. This allows the company to focus on its core business activities while external experts handle specific tasks or operations.

Question 27

Underemployment

Answer 27

situation in which people work less that than full-time even though they would prefer to work more hours; or people work in jobs that don’t fully utilize their skills, experience, or education

Question 28

Medium Answer

Explain the difference between race, ethnicity, and nationality.

Answer 28

Race generally refers to physical characteristics like skin color and facial features, Ethnicity is about cultural identity and can include language, religion, and traditions. Nationality is lined to a specific country, denoting citizenship and legal affiliation. While race is often perceived as biological, ethnicity and nationality are more about social identity and belonging. Race is a broader, more general categorization, whereas ethnicity and nationality are more specific to cultural and geographical backgrounds.

Question 29

Medium Answer

Compare and contrast the economic structures of developed and developing countries.

Answer 29

Developed countries typically have diversified economies with advanced industries, technology, and services, often with a higher standard of living and stronger infrastructure. THey usually have more stable political environments and higher levels of education and healthcare. In contrast, developing countries often rely heavily on agriculture and primary resource extraction, with less industrialization and lower levels of technological advancement. Their economics may be more volatile, with weaker infrastructure, lower standards of living, and challenges in education and healthcare. The economic gap reflects differences in the level of industrialization, income, and access to resources

Question 30

Explain two similarities between the sector model and multiple nuclei model, and explain two differences between these two models.

Answer 30

Similarities: 1. growth explanation - both models describe how cities grow and develop over time 2. zoning - they recognize specialized zones (residential, industrial, commercial) within a city
Differences: 1. growth pattern: the sector model suggests growth in wedge-shaped sectors radiating from the city center, while the multiple nuclei model proposes several independent growth points (nuclei) scattered throughout the city, 2. focus on center - the multiple nuclei model emphasizes multiple centers for activities, unlike the sector model which focuses on a single central business district as the primary hub

Both the sector model and multiple nuclei model are urban land use models. THey share similarities in acknowledging that cities develop in complex, non-unfair patterns and recognizing the significance of transportation routes in shaping urban growth, However, they differ ins tofuture, the sector model suggest that cities grow in a series of sections or wedges, emanating from the center, while the multiple that cities develop around multiple centers ro nroes, which are not nearly connected to city center, THis refer mey difference in who perceive urban development

two different ways of answering this question

Question 31

Why can’t laws be passed and enforced that simply make all forms of gerrymandering illegal?

Answer 31

Firstly, defining gerrymandering in a legal sense is tricky. It is not always clear-cut what constitutes as an unfair advantage in district drawing. WHile extreme cases may be obvious, subtler forms of gerrymandering can be harder to identify and prove

Secondly, enforcement is a challenge. redistricting is typically controlled by state legislatures, which may resist federal regulations. Also, proving intent behind district designs can be difficult, as lawmakers can cite various reasons like community interests or geographical coherence for their decisions.

Finally, impartial alternative, like independent commission can also face accusation of bias, making a universally accepted method of redistricting elusive. Thus, while the idea of outlawing gerrymandering is appealing, its execution is fraught with legal, political, and practical challenges

Question 32

Why is the Gig economy growing? Can the growth of Gig economy provide economic upward mobility in the future and why?

Answer 32

The gig economy’s growth is driven by the rise of digital platforms that connect freelancers with short-term work, and the increasing demand for flexible work arrangements. Factors like technological advancements the desire for work life balance and shifts in traditional employment models contribute ot rend, PEople are attracted to autonomy, flexibility and variety that gig work offers
Regarding economic upward mobility, the gig economy presents both opportunities and challenges. On one hand, it can offer paths to entrepreneurship and the ability to earn based on skills and effort, potentially leading to upward mobility for those who can successfully navigate

On the other had, the gig economy often lacks stability and benefits of traditional employment, such as steady income, healthcare, retirements plans, and support of trade union, the instability can limit long-term financial and security. Therefore, while the gig economy offers potential for economic mobility, it also require careful navigation to realize the benefits.

Question 33

Geopraphers are convinced with ethnicity?

Answer 33

A. core element of culute that individuals always carry with them.

Question 34

Fair trade countries ____ the percentage of retail price that ____ in ____ countries receive

Answer 34

Fair trade countries improvesthe percentage of retail price that producers in developing countries receive

Question 35

According to modernization theory rostows, developing countries can improve economics by?

Answer 35

D. following the paths taken by industrialized nations

Question 36

US has a very ____ percentage of farmers similarly to other ____ countries. A small number of farmers can feed many people in part because of the propensity of _____

Answer 36

US has a very low percentage of farmers similarly to other developed countries. A small number of farmers can feed many people in part because of the propensity of machinery

Question 37

Arizona dominates US copper mining industry. As a bulk reducing industry…

Answer 37

They also dominate concentration mills and smelter industry for copper

Question 38

The shift in work manufracturing to new industrial countries/regions can be seen most in manufacture of..

Answer 38

pharmaceuticals

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT true for Silicon Valley in California?

Answer 39

Focus is on labor-intensice manufacturing for Silicon Valley