key terms Flashcards
prokaryotic
a typically unicellular organism (as of the domains Bacteria and Archaea) lacking a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotic
any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus.
unicellular
consisting of a single cell
multicellular
having or consisting of many cells.
budding
a grafting technique in which a single bud from the desired scion is used rather than an entire scion containing many buds.
vegetative propogation
The process in which new plants are grown from the old parts of another plant like roots, shoots and leaves, without involving any reproductive organ,
Large surface area to
volume ratio is good for
allows for materials to be transported as efficiently as possible into, out of, and around the cell.
types of apoptosis
- death receptor pathway
- mitochondrial pathway
blebbing
the bulging of the
plasma membrane to form
apoptotic bodies
potency
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which can give rise to differentiated cells with a
specialised function.
multipotent
stem cells which can differentiate into a
limited number of specialised cell types belonging to a
specific tissue or organ
pluripotent
stem cells that can differentiate into multiple
cell types
totipotent
stem cells which can differentiate into any cell
type
integrity
an ethical concept that encourages a full
commitment to knowledge and understanding as well
as the honest reporting of all sources of information and
results
justice
an ethical concept that encourages fair
consideration of competing claims, and ensures that there
is no unfair burden on a particular group from an action
respect
an ethical concept that encourages the
acknowledgment of the intrinsic value of living things,
and considers the welfare, beliefs, customs, and cultural
heritage of both the individual and the collective
beneficience
an ethical concept that seeks to maximise
benefits when taking a particular position or course of
action
non-maleficence
an ethical concept that discourages
causing harm – or when harm is unavoidable, ensuring that
the harm is not disproportionate to the benefits from any
position or course of action
thermoregulation
the homeostatic process of maintaining a
constant internal body temperature
effector
effector
a molecule, cell, or organ that responds to a signal
and produces a response
receptor
a structure that detects a signal or external
change, usually a protein
negative feedback system
a stimulus-response process in
which the response counters the stimulus
osmoregulation
the homeostatic regulation of osmolality
in the body via the alteration of water and solute balance
DNA
a double-stranded nucleic
acid chain made up of nucleotides. DNA carries the
instructions for proteins which are required for cell and
organism survival
zygote
the diploid cell formed by the combination of two
haploid gamete cells
test cross
when an individual expressing the dominant
phenotype but with an unknown genotype is crossed with
a homozygous recessive individual. The results indicate
whether the individual with the dominant phenotype is
homozygous dominant or heterozygous
loci/locus
the fixed position on a chromosome where a
particular gene is located
homeostasis
s the maintenance of a relatively stable internal
environment in the body despite changes in the external
environment
physiological adaptations
evolved modifications to an
organism’s internal functioning or metabolic processes
structural adaptation
evolved modifications to an
organism’s physical structure
behavioural adaptation
evolved modifications to an
organism’s actions
cyanobacteria
aka blue-green algae
bacteria capable of oxygenic photosynthesis
photosynthesis
the process of converting light energy,
carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen
chloroplast
site of photosynthesis
isotonic
describes a solution with the same solute
concentration as another solution
hypotonic
describes a solution with a lower solute
concentration when compared to another solution
hypertonic
describes a solution with a higher solute
concentration when compared to another solution
transpiration
the evaporation of water from leaves and
movement of liquids up the xylem
valid experiment
relates to the experimental method and how appropriate it is in addressing the aim of the experiment
reliable
consistently good in quality or performance; able to be trusted.
reproduceable
an experiment/measurement in which a
group of scientists, using methods designed by others, can
obtain the same results as another group’s experimen
precise
two or more measurements that closely align with
each other
karyotype
a visual representation of an individual’s entire
genome organised into homologous pairs
independent variable
the factor/s that is/are
manipulated in an experiment
iv
dependent variable
the factor/s measured in the
experiment that are changed when the IV is manipulated
dv
controlled variable
a factor that is kept constant
throughout the experiment. Also known as a constant
variable
cv
1.
quantitative data`
data that can be counted or measured in numerical values.
Qualitative data
descriptive data that is not expressed numerically.
somatic cell (nuclear) transfer
the process of transplanting nuclei from adult cells into oocytes or blastocysts and allowing them to grow and differentiate, producing pluripotent cells
embryo transfer
o support a genetic line which has difficulty reproducing, to develop disease free animals or to manipulate genetics.
predation
interactions between different species where
one organism hunts and kills another organism for food
keystone species
a species whose effects on an ecosystem
are greater than expected relative to its population size
ways first nations people manage ecosystems
For over 50,000 years, Australia’s Indigenous community cared for country by using land management that worked with the environment. Using traditional burning, fishing traps, and sowing and storing plants, they were able to create a system that was sustainable and supplied them with the food they needed.
