key terms

Question 1

prokaryotic

Answer 1

a typically unicellular organism (as of the domains Bacteria and Archaea) lacking a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Question 2

eukaryotic

Answer 2

any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus.

Question 3

unicellular

Answer 3

consisting of a single cell

Question 4

multicellular

Answer 4

having or consisting of many cells.

Question 5

budding

Answer 5

a grafting technique in which a single bud from the desired scion is used rather than an entire scion containing many buds.

Question 6

vegetative propogation

Answer 6

The process in which new plants are grown from the old parts of another plant like roots, shoots and leaves, without involving any reproductive organ,

Question 7

Large surface area to
volume ratio is good for

Answer 7

allows for materials to be transported as efficiently as possible into, out of, and around the cell.

Question 8

types of apoptosis

Answer 8

1. death receptor pathway
2. mitochondrial pathway

Question 9

blebbing

Answer 9

 the bulging of the
plasma membrane to form
apoptotic bodies

Question 10

potency

Answer 10

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which can give rise to differentiated cells with a
specialised function.

Question 11

multipotent

Answer 11

stem cells which can differentiate into a
limited number of specialised cell types belonging to a
specific tissue or organ

Question 12

pluripotent

Answer 12

stem cells that can differentiate into multiple
cell types

Question 13

totipotent

Answer 13

stem cells which can differentiate into any cell
type

Question 14

integrity

Answer 14

an ethical concept that encourages a full
commitment to knowledge and understanding as well
as the honest reporting of all sources of information and
results

Question 15

justice

Answer 15

an ethical concept that encourages fair
consideration of competing claims, and ensures that there
is no unfair burden on a particular group from an action

Question 16

respect

Answer 16

an ethical concept that encourages the
acknowledgment of the intrinsic value of living things,
and considers the welfare, beliefs, customs, and cultural
heritage of both the individual and the collective

Question 17

beneficience

Answer 17

an ethical concept that seeks to maximise
benefits when taking a particular position or course of
action

Question 18

non-maleficence

Answer 18

an ethical concept that discourages
causing harm – or when harm is unavoidable, ensuring that
the harm is not disproportionate to the benefits from any
position or course of action

Question 19

thermoregulation

Answer 19

the homeostatic process of maintaining a
constant internal body temperature

Question 20

effector

effector

Answer 20

a molecule, cell, or organ that responds to a signal
and produces a response

Question 21

receptor

Answer 21

a structure that detects a signal or external
change, usually a protein

Question 22

negative feedback system

Answer 22

a stimulus-response process in
which the response counters the stimulus

Question 23

osmoregulation

Answer 23

the homeostatic regulation of osmolality
in the body via the alteration of water and solute balance

Question 24

DNA

Answer 24

a double-stranded nucleic
acid chain made up of nucleotides. DNA carries the
instructions for proteins which are required for cell and
organism survival

Question 25

zygote

Answer 25

the diploid cell formed by the combination of two haploid gamete cells

Question 26

test cross

Answer 26

when an individual expressing the dominant phenotype but with an unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual. The results indicate whether the individual with the dominant phenotype is homozygous dominant or heterozygous

Question 27

loci/locus

Answer 27

the fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene is located

Question 28

homeostasis

Answer 28

s the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment in the body despite changes in the external environment

Question 29

physiological adaptations

Answer 29

evolved modifications to an organism’s internal functioning or metabolic processes

Question 30

structural adaptation

Answer 30

evolved modifications to an organism’s physical structure

Question 31

behavioural adaptation

Answer 31

evolved modifications to an organism’s actions

Question 32

cyanobacteria

Answer 32

aka blue-green algae bacteria capable of oxygenic photosynthesis

Question 33

photosynthesis

Answer 33

the process of converting light energy, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen

Question 34

chloroplast

Answer 34

site of photosynthesis

Question 35

isotonic

Answer 35

describes a solution with the same solute concentration as another solution

Question 36

hypotonic

Answer 36

describes a solution with a lower solute concentration when compared to another solution

Question 37

hypertonic

Answer 37

describes a solution with a higher solute concentration when compared to another solution

Question 38

transpiration

Answer 38

the evaporation of water from leaves and movement of liquids up the xylem

Question 39

valid experiment

Answer 39

relates to the experimental method and how appropriate it is in addressing the aim of the experiment

Question 40

reliable

Answer 40

consistently good in quality or performance; able to be trusted.

Question 41

reproduceable

Answer 41

an experiment/measurement in which a group of scientists, using methods designed by others, can obtain the same results as another group’s experimen

Question 42

precise

Answer 42

two or more measurements that closely align with each other

Question 43

karyotype

Answer 43

a visual representation of an individual’s entire genome organised into homologous pairs

Question 44

independent variable

Answer 44

the factor/s that is/are manipulated in an experiment | iv

Question 45

dependent variable

Answer 45

the factor/s measured in the experiment that are changed when the IV is manipulated | dv

Question 46

controlled variable

Answer 46

a factor that is kept constant throughout the experiment. Also known as a constant variable | cv

Question 47

# 1. quantitative data`

Answer 47

data that can be counted or measured in numerical values.

Question 48

Qualitative data

Answer 48

descriptive data that is not expressed numerically.

Question 49

somatic cell (nuclear) transfer

Answer 49

the process of transplanting nuclei from adult cells into oocytes or blastocysts and allowing them to grow and differentiate, producing pluripotent cells

Question 50

embryo transfer

Answer 50

o support a genetic line which has difficulty reproducing, to develop disease free animals or to manipulate genetics.

Question 51

predation

Answer 51

interactions between different species where one organism hunts and kills another organism for food

Question 52

keystone species

Answer 52

a species whose effects on an ecosystem are greater than expected relative to its population size

Question 53

ways first nations people manage ecosystems

Answer 53

For over 50,000 years, Australia's Indigenous community cared for country by using land management that worked with the environment. Using traditional burning, fishing traps, and sowing and storing plants, they were able to create a system that was sustainable and supplied them with the food they needed.