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Psychology Component 2 > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Aim

A

A general statement about the purpose of the research

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2
Q

Hypothesis

A

A precise statement about the expected outcome of the investigation

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3
Q

Null hypothesis

A

A statement stating that no difference will be found between variables in the research

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4
Q

Directional hypothesis

A

A hypothesis which is specific in stating what the effect will be between variables

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5
Q

Non directional hypothesis

A

A hypothesis which states that there will be an effect however is does not state exactly what the effect will be

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6
Q

Independent variable

A

Something that the experimenter manipulates

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7
Q

Dependent variable

A

A variable that is affected by the changes in the independent variable

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8
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Variables that can affect all participants in the sample equally

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9
Q

Confounding variables

A

Variables that might affect some participants behaviour but not all

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10
Q

Participants/ situational/ experimenter variables

A

A form of extraneous variables

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11
Q

Bias

A

Some form of distortion so that we do not get a clear reflection of the attitude or behaviour being studied

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12
Q

Representative

A

A group that is a true reflection of that overall population

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13
Q

Standardised procedure

A

Ensuring all steps and instructions of the research are kept exactly the same for all participants

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14
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Balancing out order effects

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15
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Anything the experimenter does or any piece of equipment where the participants could end up discovering the purpose of the research

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16
Q

Double blind

A

The participant nor the experimenter know what condition they are in

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17
Q

Single blind

A

The participant is unaware of which condition they are in

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18
Q

Inter rater reliability

A

Two separate experiments complete and document the same research and check they have the same results

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19
Q

Order effects

A

Any differences in results due to the order that the experimental tasks are presented in

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20
Q

Independent measures design

A

One group does task A another group does task B

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21
Q

Repeated measures design

A

The whole group does one task and then does the other task

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22
Q

Matched pairs design

A

The independent groups are prior matches based on similar characteristics

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23
Q

Target population

A

The whole group with which the study is concerned

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24
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Every nth person on a list is selected to take part in the study

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25
Q

Random sampling

A

Participants all have the same chance of being selected

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26
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Individuals that are available to the researcher at the time

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27
Q

Volunteer sampling

A

Individuals that put themselves forward to participate

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28
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Population is divided into sub groups. Sample is representative of these groups

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29
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants must fully understand and agree to participate

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30
Q

Deception

A

Lying or hiding the true purpose of the research

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31
Q

Right to withdraw

A

Participants can stop or leave the study at any time and their data

32
Q

Confidentiality

A

Participants personal details aren’t shared

33
Q

Protection from harm

A

Participants have the right to be protected from any type of harm throughout the study

34
Q

Debrief

A

After the research participants should be told the true aims

35
Q

Lab experiment

A

Controlled artificial settings
Standardised procedure
Extraneous variables controlled

36
Q

Field experiment

A

Takes place in a natural environment
Manipulates variables

37
Q

Quasi experiments

A

IV is not controlled as it is naturally occurring

38
Q

Time sampling

A

Recording your behaviour at set time intervals

39
Q

Event sampling

A

Recording the behaviour when it happens

40
Q

Cross sectional study

A

Data is collected at one point in time

41
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Data collected repeatedly over time

42
Q

Questionnaires

A

Non-experimental, self report method

43
Q

Open questions

A

Give the participant the freedom to say what they want, no fixed answer

44
Q

Closed questions

A

Provides a fixed set of responses

45
Q

Quantitative data

A

Numerical

46
Q

Qualitative

A

Non- numerical (description)

47
Q

Interviews

A

Researcher ask questions in real time

48
Q

Correlation

A

A relationship between two variables

49
Q

Reliability

A

The test produces CONSISTENT results

50
Q

Internal reliability

A

Test is CONSISTENT in itself

51
Q

External reliability

A

CONSISTENT over time

52
Q

Internal validity

A

Things are ACCURATE inside the study. Effected by lack of mundane realism and confounding variables

53
Q

(External) temporal validity

A

The findings from a study can be generalised to other historical times

54
Q

(External) population validity

A

The findings can be generalised to other populations of people

55
Q

(External) ecological validity

A

The findings can be generalised beyond the present situation to other settings

56
Q

(Content analysis) coding

A

Quantitative data
Information categorised and places in meaningful units

57
Q

(Content analysis) thematic analysis

A

Qualitative data
An idea that keeps coming up in your study

58
Q

Face validity

A

Whether the test appears to measure what it claims to do is objective

59
Q

Predictive validity

A

A test accurately forecasts a future outcome

60
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Validating a measurement by comparing it with an established measurement that has known validity

61
Q

Primary data

A

Information collected or observed first hand by the researcher

62
Q

Secondary data

A

Information used in a study that was collected by someone else

63
Q

Nominal data

A

Data classified in categories

64
Q

Ordinal data

A

Rank to the data and has no equal intervals

65
Q

Interval data

A

Equal units and precisely defined with no true zero like temperature

66
Q

Ratio data

A

Equal units and has a true zero

67
Q

Measures of dispersion

A

How spread out data items are.
Range, standard deviation

68
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

Central values for a set of data
Mean, median and mode

69
Q

Bar chart/ pie chart

A

Use for nominal data
And distinct categories
Frequencies of non-continuous data

70
Q

Histograms

A

No categories
data is ratio or interval
Set in specific order

71
Q

Line graph

A

Used when showing a change over time
Drawn with a straight line
Key is needed is there are 2 categories

72
Q

Scatter diagram

A

Correlation research between 2 or more co variables

73
Q

PET scans

A

Shows brain activity
Radioactive 2-DG is injected into the carotid artery and taken up by cells and accumulates in active neurons

74
Q

Structural MRI

A

High resolution images are made from waves of hydrogen atoms whi CG are activated by magnetic field. They can show structural abnormalities

75
Q

Functional MRI

A

An increase in oxygen flow in the blood to active areas of the brain is showed
It provides both structural and functional information on the same image

76
Q

Inferential statistics table

A

I(ndependent)R(epeated)C(orrelation)
N(ominal).
C(hi-squared)S(ign test)
O(rdinal)
M(annwhitney)W(ilcox)S(pearmmans)

77
Q

Social psychology

A

Scientific study of how peoples thought, feelings and beliefs are constructed within a social context

Psychology Component 2 (4 decks)

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