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Eduqas: Music A Level: > Key terms > Flashcards

Key terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Cadences: what chords are needed?
Perfect
Plagal
Imperfect
Interrupted
Phrygian

A

Musical Punctuation:
V - I
IV - I
? – V
V – VI
Vib – V in a minor key

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2
Q

Imitation

A

The statement of a subject or motive in one voice followed by a restatement of it in one or more other voices.

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3
Q

Recapitulation

A

The final section of Sonata Form in which the first & second subjects return in the tonic

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4
Q

Ornamentation

A

Decorative additions to a simple melody.

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5
Q

Dominant major 9th chord

A

A dominant 7th chord with the addition of the note a major 9th above the root.

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6
Q

Consonance & dissonance

A

A Consonance is an interval that is stable and does not require change (or resolution). Such as a third, perfect fifth, sixth or octave.

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7
Q

Atonality

A

No sense of tonic. Not in a key.

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8
Q

Enharmonic modulation

A

A modulation involving a change of key signature from flats to sharps and vice versa where one or more notes of the same pitch are notated differently.

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9
Q

False relation

A

The simultaneous or adjacent occurrence in different parts of two notes a semitone apart.

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10
Q

Cadential 6/4

A

A second inversion chord (ie Ic) in the progression Ic – V: (imperfect), Ic-V-I (Perfect)

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11
Q

Tremolo

A

A rapid repetition of the same pitch(es)

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12
Q

Programme music

A

Music which sets out to evoke pictorial images or tell a story.

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13
Q

Subject

A

A theme or group of themes in the same key in the exposition of a sonata form movement
A motive or theme upon which a canon, fugue or passage of imitation is built.

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14
Q

Tonic chord

A

A triad constructed on the 1st degree of the scale

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15
Q

Arco

A

With the bow

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16
Q

Anticipation

A

A weak dissonance which is of the same pitch as the harmony note it precedes.

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17
Q

Accented passing-note

A

A passing note that occurs on the beat (see Passing Note).

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18
Q

Resolution

A

The point at which a melody moves from a dissonant note to a consonant note (usually by step)

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19
Q

Accidental

A

A sharp or flat adjusting a note outside of the key

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20
Q

Angular Melody

A

The outline of a disjunct melody

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21
Q

Sturm und Drang

A

Literally “Storm & Stress”. A tempestuous style associated with Haydn’s minor key symphonies of the decade beginning about 1765

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22
Q

Homophony

A

A texture in which one part has all the melodic interest to which all the other parts are subordinate. Melody with accompaniment is Melody Dominated Homophony. Moving in block chords is Chordal Homophony.

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23
Q

Coda

A

The final section of a movement which, in tonal music, confirms the tonic key.

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24
Q

Galant style (Style galant)

A

A light textured, elegant homophonic style of the pre-classical period which contrasted with the more serious contrapuntal styles of the late Baroque.

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25
Q

Texture

A

The number of musical lines performed at the same time.

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26
Q

Auxiliary note

A

A dissonant note in-between two consonant notes that are the same. If it is higher than these two notes, the term ‘upper’ auxiliary note is used. If it is lower than these two notes, the term ‘lower’ auxiliary note is used.

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27
Q

Whole-tone scale

A

A scale of 6 pitches in which the interval between any two adjacent notes is a whole-tone.

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28
Q

Circle of fifths

A

A series of notes, each a 5th apart which return to original pitch (e.g. A D G C F B E)

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29
Q

Tritone

A

Any interval encompassing 3 tones.

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30
Q

Syllabic word setting

A

One note per syllable

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31
Q

Relative major, relative minor

A

A major or minor key which are related by the same key signature. The relative minor is pitched a minor 3rd below its major key.

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32
Q

Pizzicato

A

A performance direction indicating plucked strings.

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33
Q

Word painting

A

The musical illustration of the meaning or emotive association of particular words or phrases.

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34
Q

Antecedent & consequent

A

Question & Answer phrasing

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35
Q

Unison

A

2 or more instruments or voices performing the same melody at the same time. Sometimes applied to music played in octaves.

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36
Q

Ostinato

A

A repeating melodic or rhythmic pattern heard throughout a movement.

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37
Q

Third inversion chord

A

A chord of the 7th in which the 7th is in the bass

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38
Q

Answer

A

A fugal subject transposed up a 5th or down a 4th

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39
Q

Hemiola

A

Two in the time of three and vice versa.

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40
Q

Second inversion chord

A

A triad or 7th chord with the 5th in the bass

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41
Q

Periodic phrasing

A

Balanced phrases consisting of antecedent and consequent.

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42
Q

Passing note

A

A dissonant note filling the gap between two consonant notes a 3rd apart.

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43
Q

Root position chord

A

A triad or 7th chord in which the root is sounded in the bass.

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44
Q

Pivot chord

A

A chord common to the two keys involved in a modulation.

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45
Q

Development

A

Middle section of a piece in Sonata Form

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46
Q

Modulation

A

To change key

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47
Q

Dominant minor 9th chord

A

A dominant 7th chord with addition of a note a minor 9th above the root.

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48
Q

Related keys

A

For a major key these will be the relative minor, subdominant and its relative minor, and the dominant and its relative minor. For minor keys: relative major, the dominant minor and its relative major, and the subdominant minor and its relative major.

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49
Q

Plagal Cadence

A

Chords IV-I

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50
Q

Augmentation & Diminution

A

The lengthening or shortening of the durations of notes in a previously-heard melody

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51
Q

Sonata Form

A

The characteristic structure of allegro movements in sonatas, symphonies, concertos and chamber works of the classical period. It comprise three main sections:

1) Exposition: with 1st subject in tonic and 2nd subject in dominant
2) Development: Beginning in the dominant and moving through many keys
3) Recapitulation: A return to the first & second subjects in the tonic.

52
Q

Prime order

A

The original order of a tone row in serial music

53
Q

Phrygian cadence

A

Chords Ivb-V in a minor key.

54
Q

Polytonality

A

The simultaneous use of 3 or more keys.

55
Q

Ternary form

A

Three sections with one repeated: A B A

56
Q

Mixolydian mode

A

G-G using all the white notes on the piano

57
Q

Phrygian mode

A

E-E using all the white notes on the piano

58
Q

Sequence

A

Melodic: immediate repetition of motive or phrase in the same part but at a different pitch.
Harmonic: immediate repetition of a harmonic progression at a different pitch.
It is possible for both melody and harmony to be sequential.

59
Q

Polyphony

A

Many independent lines.

60
Q

Monophony

A

A single unaccompanied melody

61
Q

Primary triads

A

Chords I, IV, V

62
Q

Tutti

A

The full instrumental and/or vocal resources.

63
Q

Form

A

The structure of a piece. Ie how it is constructed in terms of sections

64
Q

Lombardic rhythm

A

Reversed dotting (short-long).

65
Q

Ground bass

A

A variation technique in which an unfaltering and repeated bass melody supports an evolving melody in an upper part.

66
Q

Tierce de Picardie

A

A major 3rd in the final tonic chord of a movement or passage or phrase in a minor key

67
Q

Moto perpetuo

A

The use of continuous rhythm in a single note-value throughout a composition or large chunk of it.

68
Q

Cross rhythm

A

I.e. Triplets against quavers

69
Q

Binary Form

A

Two contrasting sections: A B

70
Q

Tonality

A

Major, Minor, Modal

71
Q

Preparation

A

The process by which a dissonant note is held or repeated as a consonant note prior to it becoming dissonant.

72
Q

Functional harmony

A

Harmony which clearly defines tonality through a variety of techniques, including regular perfect cadences, use of primary triads in root position and first inversion, pedal notes and modulations to related keys.

73
Q

Retrograde

A

A motive, melody or tone row played backwards

74
Q

Aeolian mode

A

Renaissance church mode. A-A on the white notes of the keyboard

75
Q

Tonic

A

A key note of a tonal scale or the home key of a movement

76
Q

Codetta

A

The final section of the exposition of a sonata form structure.

77
Q

Dorian mode

A

The 1st of the Renaissance church modes D-D (using just the white notes on a piano)

78
Q

Motor rhythm

A

A mechanically repeated rhythm which drives a baroque movement towards a cadence.

79
Q

Augmented interval

A

An interval which has been expanded in relation to that interval in its original form

80
Q

Inversion

A

Melodic inversion: where every interval remains the same but moves in the opposite direction.
Intervallic: the transposing of the lower note of a melodic interval up an octave, or the transposing of the upper note down an octave. Thus a Perfect 5th becomes a Perfect 4th.
When chords are inverted the root ceases to be the bass note and is replaced by another note from the chord.

81
Q

Bitonality

A

The playing of two different keys at once

82
Q

Transitory modulation

A

A brief modulation to a key which is not confirmed by a cadence.

83
Q

Disjunct

A

A Melodic line moving in leaps.

84
Q

Added 6th (chord)

A

A major or minor chord with the addition of a note a major 6th above the root

85
Q

Terraced dynamics

A

The contrast of loud & soft passages without cres or dim in baroque music. Often created through texture

86
Q

Double-stopping

A

The performance of a two-note chord on a bowed string instrument.

87
Q

Register

A

A part of the total range of notes that can be played or sung on a particular instrument or voice.

88
Q

Motive

A

A short fragment of music which is repeated and/or developed.

89
Q

Fugato

A

A fugal texture within a larger structure

90
Q

Modes

A

The system of ordering tones & semitones which pre-dates the tonal scale. Unlike the tonal scale each mode has a different order of tones and semitones.

91
Q

Neapolitan 6th chord

A

A major triad on the flat supertonic in 1st inversion.

92
Q

Counterpoint/contrapuntal

A

Two or more independent lines of music

93
Q

Octatonic scale

A

A collection of 8 pitches which can be laid out as a scale of alternating tones and semitones.

94
Q

Stretto

A

The telescoping of imitative parts so that entries come closer together than they originally were.

95
Q

Fugue

A

A work in which the contrapuntal properties of a subject are explored.

96
Q

Pentatonic (Scale)

A

Music based on 5 pitches (A scale consisting of 5 pitches).

97
Q

Echappee (escape note)

A

An unaccented decoration which leaves a harmony note by step and returns to the next harmony note by leap in the opposite direction.

98
Q

Melisma

A

Several notes being sung to one syllable.

99
Q

Antiphony

A

The alternation of 2 or more spatially separated or contrasted groups of instruments or voices.

100
Q

Diminished 7th Chord

A

A chord consisting of superimposed minor 3rds

101
Q

Conjunct & Disjunct

A

Conjunct melodies move largely by step while disjunct melody is more angular.

102
Q

Suspension

A

A prepared dissonance. This is when a consonant note is repeated or held over a change of harmony so that it becomes dissonant. The suspended note is then usually resolved to a consonant note by falling down by step whilst the supporting harmony remains the same.

103
Q

Canon

A

Exact imitation in another part at strict rhythmic intervals.

104
Q

First Inversion Chord

A

A triad or 7th chord with the 3rd in the bass

105
Q

Verticalisation

A

The performance of consecutive notes of a tone row as a chord.

106
Q

Secondary Dominant

A

A chromatic dominant auxiliary chord to a diatonic triad. (ie V/V; III/IV etc)

107
Q

Diatonic

A

Melody that uses notes from within the intended key.

108
Q

Homorhythm

A

Extreme chordal homophony where multiple parts play the same rhythm but different notes over an extended period of time.

109
Q

Compound time

A

A metrical pattern in which the beat is a dotted note.

110
Q

Harmonic rhythm

A

The rate of harmonic change

111
Q

Dissonance

A

A dissonance is an interval that requires resolution (where resolution is the process by which a dissonant note moves to a consonant note underneath the same harmony). Dissonant intervals include 2nds, 4ths and 7ths.

112
Q

Exposition

A

In a fugue, the first section, which ends when all of the contrapuntal voices have stated the subject or answer.

In Sonata form the first section.

113
Q

German 6th chord

A

The most common version of the augmented 6th chord.

114
Q

Compound interval

A

The distance between two pitches greater than a 8ve.

115
Q

Transition

A

A modulating passage linking 2 passages in contrasting keys

116
Q

Basso continuo

A

A baroque bass part with numbered figuring which indicates the improvised harmonic filling to be supplied by an instrument or instruments such as the harpsichord, organ or a fretted instrument. Consists of a sustaining instrument (cello, bassoon) which plays the bass line and a keyboard instrument (organ, harpsichord) which fills out the harmonies above.

117
Q

Arpeggio

A

A chord with the notes played separately

118
Q

Diminished interval

A

A perfect or minor interval made smaller by a semitone.

119
Q

Syncopation

A

Accents on weak beats or off-beats

120
Q

Augmented 6th chord

A

A major triad on the flat submediant surmounted by a note an augmented 6th above the root.

121
Q

Dotted rhythms

A

A two note rhythm consisting of a long followed by a short note (ie Quaver, Semi quaver)

122
Q

Heterophony

A

A texture consisting of the simultaneous performance of a melody and a decorated version of it.

123
Q

A Cappella

A

Unaccompanied choral music

124
Q

Appoggiatura

A

An unprepared dissonant note which resolves by step up or down to a consonant note. (See Preparation and Resolution also).

125
Q

Pedal

A

A sustained or repeated note about which the harmonies change.

126
Q

Doubling

A

The simultaneous performance of the same melody by two or more instruments or voices.

Eduqas: Music A Level: (10 decks)

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