Key terminology, key thinkers and quotations

Question 1

Define Equality of Opportunity

Answer 1

The idea that all individuals should have equal chances in life to rise and fall

Question 2

Define Formal Equality

Answer 2

The idea that all individuals have the same legal and political rights in society

Question 3

Define Foundational Equality

Answer 3

Rights that all humans have by virtue of being born which cannot be take away (also known as natural rights and inalienable rights)

Question 4

Define Limited Government

Answer 4

The role of government is limited by checks and balances, and a separation of powers because of the corrupting nature of power

Question 5

Define Mechanistic Theory

Answer 5

The idea that the state was created by ‘man’ to serve the people and act in their interests

Question 6

Define Meritocracy

Answer 6

A society organised on the basis that success is based on ability and hard work

Question 7

Define Social Contract

Answer 7

The idea that the state/society is set up with agreement from the people to respect its laws which serve to protect them

Question 8

Define Tolerance

Answer 8

A willingness to respect values, customs and beliefs with which one disagrees

Question 9

Define Developmental individualism

Answer 9

The idea that individual freedom in linked to human flourishing

Question 10

Define Egotistical Individualism

Answer 10

The idea that individual freedom is associated with self-interest and self-reliance

Question 11

Define Keynesianism

Answer 11

An economic system that requires government involvement to stimulate the economy to achieve full employment and price stability

Question 12

Define Laissez-Faire Capitalism

Answer 12

An economic system, organised by the market, where goods are produced for exchange and profit, and wealth is privately owned

Question 13

Define Negative Freedom

Answer 13

The absence of external constraints in society as well as no interference in the private sphere

Question 14

Define Positive Freedom

Answer 14

The idea that freedom is about personal fulfilment and realisation of potential

Question 15

What did the liberal thinker JOHN RAWLS believe?

Answer 15

Enabling state and justice as fairness

Question 16

What did the liberal thinker JOHN STUART MILL believe?

Answer 16

Individual sovereignty and the harm principle

Question 17

What did the liberal thinker JOHN LOCKE believe?

Answer 17

Social contract theory and natural rights

Question 18

What did the liberal thinker MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT believe?

Answer 18

Foundational and formal gender equality

Question 19

What did the liberal thinker BETTY FREIDAN believe?

Answer 19

Equality of opportunity and self realisation

Question 20

Name three Classical Liberal philosophers

Answer 20

• John Locke
• John Stuart Mill
• Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 21

Name three Modern Liberal philosophers

Answer 21

• T.H Green
• Betty Friedan
• John Rawls

Question 22

Who said the phrase: “Being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions”

Answer 22

John Locke

Question 23

Who said the phrase: “Government has no other end, but the preservation of property”

Answer 23

John Locke

Question 24

State a famous quotation from Voltaire

Answer 24

“I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”

Question 25

Who came up with the theory of justice?

Answer 25

John Rawls

Question 26

What is the theory of justice?

Answer 26

The view that society must be just and guarantee each citizen a life worth living

Question 27

Who came up with the social contract theory?

Answer 27

John Locke

Question 28

What is the social contract theory?

Answer 28

Society, state and government are based on a theoretical voluntary agreement. The individual has the right to withdraw that consent