Key terminology from the mark scheme Flashcards
Revise the terminology examiners are looking for
What is a semantic field?
A group of words related in meaning
Example: ‘ocean, waves, tide’ in a maritime semantic field.
Define proper nouns.
Names of specific people, places, or things
Example: ‘London,’ ‘Shakespeare’.
What are modifiers (premodifiers)?
Words that describe or modify nouns before them
Example: ‘beautiful’ in ‘beautiful day’ (positive), ‘ugly’ in ‘ugly scar’ (negative).
What does ‘Latinate’ refer to?
Words derived from Latin, often formal or sophisticated
Example: ‘illuminate’ instead of ‘light up’.
Explain nouns and verbs with connotations.
Words that carry implied meanings beyond their literal definition
Example: ‘snake’ suggests deception.
What is a noun phrase?
A phrase centered around a noun
Example: ‘the tall, mysterious man’.
Define comparative.
An adjective or adverb showing a higher degree
Example: ‘bigger,’ ‘faster’.
What is a superlative?
An adjective or adverb showing the highest degree
Example: ‘biggest,’ ‘fastest’.
What is a metaphor?
A direct comparison stating one thing is another
Example: ‘time is a thief’.
Define acronym.
A word formed from the initial letters of a phrase
Example: ‘NASA,’ ‘LOL’.
What does colloquial language refer to?
Informal, everyday speech
Example: ‘gonna’ instead of ‘going to’.
What is phonetic spelling?
Writing words how they sound
Example: ‘wot’ for ‘what’.
Define emoticon.
A symbol representing facial expressions
Example: ‘:)’ for a smile.
What is emotive language?
Words chosen to provoke emotion
Example: ‘heartbreaking loss’.
What is a neologism?
A newly coined word or expression
Example: ‘selfie’.
What is an attributive adjective?
An adjective placed before a noun
Example: ‘red car’.
Define simile.
A comparison using ‘like’ or ‘as’
Example: ‘as brave as a lion’.
What is an idiom?
A phrase with a meaning not deducible from individual words
Example: ‘kick the bucket’ = ‘to die’.
What is repetition in language?
The intentional reuse of words or phrases for emphasis.
Define dynamic verb.
A verb that describes an action
Example: ‘run,’ ‘jump’.
What is an antonym?
A word with the opposite meaning of another
Example: ‘hot’ and ‘cold’.
What are numerals?
Words or symbols representing numbers
Example: ‘one,’ ‘2’.
Define collocation.
Words frequently used together
Example: ‘fast food,’ ‘strong tea’.
What are noun phrases in juxtaposition?
Two noun phrases placed together for contrast
Example: ‘light and darkness’.
What does interrogative refer to?
A sentence or word used to ask a question
Example: ‘Who are you?’.
What is a connective?
A word linking clauses or ideas
Example: ‘however,’ ‘because’.
Define parallelism.
Repeated grammatical structures for effect
Example: ‘I came, I saw, I conquered’.
What is antithetical parallelism?
Two contrasting ideas structured similarly
Example: ‘Many are called, but few are chosen’.
What are conditional clauses?
‘If’ sentences expressing conditions
Example: ‘If you study, you will pass’.
What is parenthesis in writing?
Extra information within brackets, dashes, or commas
Example: ‘The dog (who was very friendly) barked’.
What does listing mean in language?
A series of words or phrases, often separated by commas.
Define adverbials.
Words or phrases modifying a verb
Example: ‘quickly,’ ‘in the morning’.
What are adverb intensifiers?
Words strengthening adverbs/adjectives
Example: ‘very,’ ‘extremely’.
What are verb tenses?
Forms of verbs indicating time
Example: past, present, future.
What is a declarative sentence?
A sentence that makes a statement
Example: ‘It is raining’.
What does embedding quotes mean?
Integrating quotations into a sentence smoothly.
Define imperative.
A command or directive sentence
Example: ‘Sit down’.
What is a mitigated imperative?
A softened command
Example: ‘Could you sit down, please?’.
What are rhetorical features?
Language techniques used for effect
Example: triadic structure, such as ‘life, liberty, and happiness’.
What is 1st person perspective?
Using ‘I’ or ‘we’ for personal perspective.
What does 2nd person refer to?
Using ‘you’ to address the audience directly.
Define dialect.
Regional or social variations in language
Example: ‘Ain’t got none’.
What is an indefinite pronoun?
A pronoun referring to non-specific things
Example: ‘someone,’ ‘anything’.
What is sentence type variation?
Using different sentence types for effect.
Define modal auxiliaries.
Helping verbs showing possibility, necessity, or ability
Example: ‘can,’ ‘must,’ ‘should’.
What is ellipsis in language?
Omission of words for brevity
Example: ‘Want a drink?’ instead of ‘Do you want a drink?’.
What is a suffix?
A word ending modifying meaning
Example: ‘-ness’ in ‘happiness’.
Define accent.
A way of pronouncing words influenced by geography or background.
What does informal pronunciation refer to?
Casual, relaxed speech forms
Example: ‘dunno’ for ‘don’t know’.
What is capitalisation?
The use of uppercase letters for emphasis or grammar.
Define non-fluency.
Hesitations, fillers, or false starts in speech.
What is parodic representation?
A humorous imitation of a speech style or genre.
What is alliteration?
Repetition of initial consonant sounds
Example: ‘Peter Piper picked a peck…’.
Define interjections.
Short expressions showing emotion
Example: ‘Wow!’, ‘Oh!’.
What does intonation refer to?
The rise and fall of voice pitch in speech.
What is implied meaning?
The meaning suggested rather than directly stated.
What are fillers in speech?
Words used to fill pauses
Example: ‘um,’ ‘like’.
Define chronological structure.
Presenting events in time order.
What is intertextuality?
Referencing other texts within a text.
What are anecdotes?
Short personal stories used for illustration.
What does pause for dramatic effect mean?
A deliberate break in speech or writing to emphasize a point.
Define humour in language.
Language techniques used to amuse.
What is deonticism and epistemy?
Deontic modality expresses obligation (e.g., ‘must’), while epistemic modality expresses certainty (e.g., ‘probably’).
What is an allusion?
A reference to another text, event, or person.
What is formal discourse structure?
Organized, structured language used in formal contexts.
