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VMS2003 Pathology of the Integument and Alimentary Systems > Key Terminology & Definitions - Pathology > Flashcards

Key Terminology & Definitions - Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Acanthosis

A

Increased thickness of stratum spinosum; epidermal hyperplasia

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2
Q

Lichenification

A

Extreme epidermal hyperplasia

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3
Q

Callus

A

Thickened, often pigmented + hyperkeratotic plaque (focal epidermal hyperplasia)

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4
Q

Vesicle / bulla

A

Fluid-filled cavities within of beneath the epidermis (blister), vesicle = < 1 cm in diameter; bulla = > 1 cm in diameter
Between epithelium and lamina propria of mucosa

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5
Q

Pustule

A

Vesicle contained pus (= degenerate neutrophils, inflammatory cells), it will become a crust (scab)

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6
Q

Scale

A

Hyperkeratosis (dandruff)

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7
Q

Erosion

A

Partial-thickness loss of epidermis resulting in shallow, moist, glistening depression, still have basement mem with no bleeding

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8
Q

Ulcer

A

Full-thickness loss of epithelium and basement membrane, bleeding, granulation tissue forming, exposing lamina propria

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9
Q

Scar

A

Granulation tissue and fibrosis - repair injured tissues (scarring)

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10
Q

Crust

A

Dried exudate or secretion with/without epithelial or bacterial debris

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11
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in the mass of a tissue due to decreased size + no. cells (after it has reached its normal size)

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12
Q

Wheal

A

Sharply circumscribed skin elevation of oedema of the superficial dermis, often erythematous

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13
Q

Neoplasm

A

An abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli, which evoked the change.

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14
Q

Dermatitis

A

Inflammation of dermis

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15
Q

Vasculitis

A

Inflammation targeting the walls of venules or arterioles

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16
Q

Alopecia

A

When inflammation affects the hair follicles

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17
Q

Papilloma

A

Benign epithelial tumour growing exophytically (outwardly projecting)

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18
Q

Sarcoid

A

Papilloma-induced lesion in the horse and cat

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19
Q

Folliculitis

A

Inflammation of hair follicle

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20
Q

Furunculosis

A

Inflammation of the hair follicle but then it ruptures, almost always infections e.g. staphylococcus, Demodex + dermatophytes (fungi).

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21
Q

Spindle (mesenchymal) cell tumour

A

Ends in sarcoma if malignant

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22
Q

Epithelial tumour

A

Ends in carcinoma if malignant; if benign = adenoma, adeno means glandular tissue

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23
Q

Round cell tumour

A

Depends on type of cell: macrophages = histiocytoma; lymphocytes = lymphoma; plasma cells = plasmacytoma, mast cells = mastocytoma

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24
Q

Hyperaemia

A

Excess of blood in vessels

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25
Q

Epidermal hyperplasia

A

More keratinocytes = more layers

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26
Q

Hyperkeratosis

A

Increased thickness of stratum corneum only

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27
Q

Granulomatous inflammation

A

Usually due to infectious agents e.g. mycobacterium and Leishmania, made up of macrophages

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28
Q

Haemangioma

A

Benign neoplasia of endothelial cells

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29
Q

Fibroma

A

Benign neoplasia of fibroblasts

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30
Q

Macrophage precursor

A

Monocyte

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31
Q

Erythema

A

Increased blood supply to an area and vasodilation - in the skin only. Hyperaemia elsewhere

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32
Q

Wooden tongue

A

Caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii gram-negative bacteria

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33
Q

Thrush

A

Caused by Candida albicans opportunistic pathogenic yeast (fungus)

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34
Q

Schisis

A

Clefts

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35
Q

Cheilo

A

Lips

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36
Q

Pro

A

Long

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37
Q

Brachy

A

Short

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38
Q

A-

A

Absent

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39
Q

Gnatia superior

A

Maxilla

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40
Q

Gnatia inferior

A

Mandible

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41
Q

Cheiloschisis

A

(Hare lip) Failure of fusion of the upper lip along the midline of philtrum

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42
Q

Palatoschisis

A

Failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes

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43
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of oral cavity

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44
Q

Cheilitis

A

Inflammation of lips

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45
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Inflammation of pharynx

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46
Q

Glossitis

A

Inflammation of tongue

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47
Q

Tonsillitis

A

Inflammation of tonsils

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48
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation of gingiva (gum)

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49
Q

Choke

A

Oesophageal obstruction subsequent to stenoses (abnormal narrowing) or blockage

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50
Q

Megaoesophagus

A

Dilation of the oesophagus because of insufficient, absent or uncoordinated peristalsis in the mid and cervical oesophagus
Can be caused by persistence of fourth right aortic arch

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51
Q

Volvulus

A

When a loop of intestine twists around itself and the mesentery that supplies it

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52
Q

Haematemesis

A

Blood in vomit

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53
Q

Melena

A

Blood digested in stomach, passes through intestine, leads to black faeces

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54
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of stomach

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55
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing of the intestinal lumen

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56
Q

Atresia

A

Occlusion of the intestinal lumen as the result of anomalous development of the intestinal wall

57
Q

Atresia coli

A

Colon occluded

58
Q

Atresia ani

A

Anus occluded

59
Q

Segmental atresia

A

If a segment of the bowel is either entirely missing or completely occluded because of a lack of epithelial development and confluence between two contiguous portions.

60
Q

Megacolon

A

Large, usually faecal-filled colon

61
Q

Aganglionosis (colon)

A

Absence of ganglion cells

62
Q

Enterolith

A

Struvite = magnesium ammonium phosphate (stones)

63
Q

Stricture

A

Abnormal narrowing

64
Q

Eventration

A

Hernia

65
Q

Strangulation

A

Compression of blood or air-filled structures which impedes circulation or function.

66
Q

Intussusception

A

When one segment of intestine become telescoped into the immediately distal segment of intestine

67
Q

Herniations

A

Displacements of intestine; the intestine is not in the right place where it should physiologically normally be (external and internal)

68
Q

Torsion/volvulus

A

Rotation (twisting) of the intestine on its long axis

69
Q

Peduncle

A

Stalklike part by which an organ is attached to an animal’s body

70
Q

Internal herniations

A

Herniations formed through a normal or pathological foramen in the abdominal cavity

71
Q

External herniations

A

Herniations formed when a hernial sac, formed by a pouch f parietal peritoneum, penetrates outside the abdominal cavity

72
Q

Enteritis

A

Inflammation of small intestine

73
Q

Duodenitis

A

Inflammation of duodenum

74
Q

Jejunitis

A

Inflammation of jejunum

75
Q

Ileitis

A

Inflammation of ileum

76
Q

Colitis

A

Inflammation of colon

77
Q

Proctitis

A

Inflammation of rectum

78
Q

Diarrhoea

A

Increase in stool mass, stool frequency, and/or stool fluidity

79
Q

Dysentery

A

Painful, bloody diarrhoea

80
Q

Petechiae

A

Microscopic haemorrhage

81
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Inc size of cells

82
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Inc no. cells

83
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of a cell type by another of the same germline e.g. healing after mastitis, low columnar —> squamous

84
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal pattern of tissue growth, disorderly arrangement of cells within epithelium

85
Q

Atrophy

A

Dec size of cells

86
Q

Exostosis

A

Extra growth of bone that extends outward from existing bone (bone changes = permanent)

87
Q

Laminitis

A

Loss of integrity of the basement membrane and cellular attachments to basal epidermal cells

88
Q

Dysbiosis

A

Disturbed or altered gut flora, inadequate mucous layer, lowered levels of protective antibodies

89
Q

Evisceration

A

Taking intestines out

90
Q

Space of Disse

A

Between hepatocytes and sinusoids

91
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Attached to sinusoids, liver macrophages, remove bacteria from portal blood, phagocytosis without inflammation

92
Q

Stellate (lto) cells

A

In space of Disse - store retinoids e.g. vitamin A, important in fibrosis

93
Q

Sunusoids

A

Lined by fenestrated endothelium, no BM, drain into central vein

94
Q

Liver zone 1

A

Peripheral - most prone to direct toxic injury - where blood is arriving

95
Q

Liver zone 2

A

Midzonal / intermediate

96
Q

Liver zone 3

A

Periacinar / centrilobular - most active in detoxification of metabolites, lowest O2, most prone to injury and hypoxic injury

97
Q

Liver limiting plate

A

Single layer of hepatocytes separating portal region from lobule

98
Q

Portal tract

A

Portal vein, bile duct, one or more arteriole, connective tissue

99
Q

Enterotoxins

A

Toxins produced in or affect the intestines

100
Q

Braxy

A

Acute disease of sheep caused by C. septicum and characterised by inflammation of the abomasal wall (a lot of haemorrhage and blood-stained tissues)

101
Q

Acinus/lobule

A

Functional unit of liver

102
Q

Hepatocellular atrophy

A

Reduced demand (illness, starvation)

103
Q

Hepatic atrophy

A

Due to impaired hepatocyte replication (not cytoplasm loss), not enough cells

104
Q

Hepatocellular hypertrophy

A

Increased cytoplasmic volume

105
Q

Glycogenosis

A

Build-up of glycogen-filled vacuoles but function remains normal in liver (should be storing glycogen anyway)

106
Q

Steatosis/lipidosis

A

Round, well circumscribed cytoplasmic fat globules - microvesicular (multiple, don’t displace nucleus) and macrovascular (displaces nucleus, one per cell)

107
Q

Tension lipidosis

A

Mostly in cattle, focal hypoxia due to pull of fibrous attachments

108
Q

Necrosis

A

Stimulates inflammation

109
Q

Massive necrosis of liver

A

Death of entire lobule (not whole liver)

110
Q

Piecemeal necrosis

A

Necrosis and inflammation at the limiting plate/periportal - between the portal tracts and rest of liver

111
Q

Biliary epithelium

A

Ductular cells of liver

112
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Nodular regeneration, bridging fibrosis, vascular disruption of liver

113
Q

Lipofuscin

A

Golden cytoplasmic granules due to membrane lipid breakdown

114
Q

Bile plugs

A

When bile canaliculi distended (between cytoplasm)

115
Q

Haematin

A

Artefact of formic acid reacting with haemoglobin (darker than haemosiderin and usually extracellular)

116
Q

Iron porphyrin

A

Black - associated with fluke migration tracts

117
Q

Acute liver failure

A

Uncommon, due to severe and rapid injury - usually toxins, sometimes hyperthermia/acute ischaemia

118
Q

End-stage liver

A

Chronic liver failure due to progressive fibrosis and loss of functional mass

119
Q

Acute-on chronic liver

A

Chronic liver failure - a compensated failing liver suddenly flips into acute failure

120
Q

Cholestasis

A

Impaired bile secretion and/or flow

121
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellow pigmentation of tissues due to excess plasma bile pigments

122
Q

Photosensitisation

A

Inflammation of skin (usually unpigmented) due to action of UV light on photodynamic compounds bound to dermal cells

123
Q

Ascites

A

Oedema in abdomen, low protein fluid commonly seen with venous congestion/hypoproteinaemia

124
Q

Congenital portosystemic shunt (PSS)

A

Abnormal connection between portal vein and vena cava (portocaval) or azygous vein (portozygous)
Extrahepatic/intrahepatic

125
Q

Hepatitis

A

Characterised by presence of inflammatory cells and/or infectious agents in the parenchyma, focal or diffuse

126
Q

Cholangitis

A

Inflammation of the biliary tree

127
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder

128
Q

Cholangiohepatitis

A

Inflammation centred on the biliary tract and extending into the parenchyma (more common than cholangitis)

129
Q

Acute hepatitis

A

Mix of inflammation, apoptosis/necrosis, regeneration, lymphocytes in portal region, neutrophils among hepatocytes, +/- pathogens and Kupffer cells enlarge and accumulate vacuoles and debris

130
Q

Chronic hepatitis

A

Fibrosis = consistent feature

131
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Stones anywhere in biliary tree - usually form in gallbladder, mix of cholesterol, bile pigment and salt

132
Q

Xenobiotics

A

Ingested foreign chemicals

133
Q

Cytotoxic injury (hepatobiliary toxic diseases)

A

Hepatocyte degeneration, zonal necrosis, apoptosis, lipidosis

134
Q

Cholestatic injury (hepatobiliary toxic diseases)

A

Failure of bile excretion, leading to obstructive jaundice

135
Q

Mixed injury (hepatobiliary toxic diseases)

A

Combination of cytotoxic and cholestatic injury

136
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Benign smooth muscle tumour

137
Q

Mylolipoma

A

BM fatty tumour

138
Q

Hemangiosarcoma

A

Tumour of blood vv.

VMS2003 Pathology of the Integument and Alimentary Systems (16 decks)

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