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English > Key Terminology > Flashcards

Key Terminology Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Discourse

A

Features of the whole text’s structure

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2
Q

Pragmatics

A

What speakers really mean in a given context

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3
Q

Lexis

A

Words

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4
Q

Semantics

A

Words and meanings

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5
Q

Grammar

A

Sentence/clause/phrase/words structure

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6
Q

Rhetoric

A

Using language to persuade and inspire

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7
Q

Phonology

A

Sound

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8
Q

False start

A

A change of thought reflected in the start of a new sentence in mid utterance

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9
Q

Backtracking

A

Returning to a topic which had earlier been dropped

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10
Q

Grammatical blends

A

When a sentence begins one way but ends in another, e.g starting as a declarative statement and turning into a question

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11
Q

Vague completer

A

“…and stuff”

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12
Q

Adjacency pair

A

When a comment of one speaker initiates the response of another, creating a ‘take-it-in-turns’ structure

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13
Q

Insertion sequence

A 
A sequence of conversation which intervenes between the two parts of the adjacency pair which may develop, comment or extend the implications of the initial move in the adjacency pair
example: 
"Would you like coffee?"
"Is there any tea?"
"No, sorry."
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14
Q

Overlapping

A

Different from interrupting as may not be an attempt to take over, but a co-operative chiming in with each other

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15
Q

Discourse markers

A

“Well”, “so”, “anyway”

Could indicate a topic shift

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16
Q

Repairs

A

A practical move in conversation aimed at restoring a conversation because the topic has become difficult/unclear/misunderstood

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17
Q

Anaphoric reference

A

Where a pronoun, noun or noun phrase points back to something mentioned earlier

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18
Q

Ellipsis

A

Omission of a word/words e.g “I’m”

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19
Q

Typography/Graphology

A 
In written texts the visual features helping to organise and structure ideas, including:
font
layout
pictures
use of colour
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20
Q

Backchannel features

A

“mmm” “yeah” to signal that participant is listening

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21
Q

Monitoring features

A

Checking the other person is listening “You know what I mean?”

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22
Q

Deictics

A

Words that point things out in immediate context “What is this?”

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23
Q

Hedges/mitigators

A

Make utterances less blunt or assertive, to avoid breaching the maximum of quality

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24
Q

Implicature

A

Refers to a meaning suggested by an utterance, e.g “its a bit cold in here” could hint to shutting a door

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25
Q

Grice’s Maxims

A

Quantity (don’t say too much/too little)
Quality (don’t lie)
Relation (be relevant)
Manner (don’t be obscure or ambiguous)

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26
Q

Face needs

A

Using hedgers to make comments less face threatening, e.g “Would you mind passing that?”
In prepared speech can be used to flatter their audience

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27
Q

Phatic communication

A

Language used more for the purpose of establishing / maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information, e.g talking about the weather.

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28
Q

Register

A

Potentially recognisable by lexis or distinctive grammar
former/informal
specialised/unspecialised (medicine, law ect.)
Prepared speech could use formality

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29
Q

Idiolect

A

The speech habits unique to an individual

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30
Q

Sociolect

A

The speech habits used by a specific social group.

In prepared speech possibly used to appeal to a target audience

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31
Q

Germanic lexis

A

Anglo-Saxon derived words, tending to be informal and monosyllabic or disyllabic

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32
Q

Latinate lexis

A

Latin derived words, tending to be more complex

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33
Q

High/low frequency lexis

A

Words occurring commonly/rarely

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34
Q

Dialect lexis

A

Regional dialect

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35
Q

Colloquialism

A

Lexis used in everyday informal speech

May be used in prepared speech to build up a relationship with audience

36
Q

Subtext

A

Implications / underlying message shown in the connotations of a particular lexis choice, which are understood though not stated

37
Q

Euphemism

A

A word replacing a word deemed socially unpleasant / unacceptable. Could explain context

38
Q

Dysphemism

A

A word with connotations that are offensive

Opposite of euphemism

39
Q

Syntax

A

Word order

40
Q

Interrogative

A

A sentence asking a question

41
Q

Exclamatory

A

A sentence making an exclamation

42
Q

Syntactic parallelism

A

Repetition of the same word order or grammatical structures.
Common in prepared speeches (used in rhetoric)

43
Q

Syndetic list

A

Lists that are connected by conjunctions at the final 2 (“and”)

44
Q

Asyndetic list

A

The omission of conjunctions from a list in which they would normally be used; no “and”

45
Q

Syntactic inversion

A

Changing the normal order of words

e.g. “A lamp was in the corner” to “In the corner was a lamp”

46
Q

Open word classes

A

Lexical word classes

It is possible to add to them, e.g nouns, verbs, adjectives

47
Q

Closed word classes

A

Grammatical words / function words

Have purely grammatical functions, it is very rare for these words to change, e.g pronouns, conjunctions, determiners

48
Q

Hyperbole

A

Exaggeration for effect

49
Q

Litotes

A

Understatement for effect, irony
e.g “Hitler was certainly not an angel”
Used a lot in UK speech where ironic humour is appreciated

50
Q

Refutation

A

Answering an attack of our assertions

51
Q

Reductio ad absurdum

A

Form of argument in which a proposition is disproven by following its implications logically to an absurd consequence

52
Q

Diminutio

A

Self-deprication to win audience sympathy

53
Q

“Us and them” technique

A

Used to isolate the opposition and make the speaker relatable

54
Q

Synthetic personalisation

A

Ways of addressing mass audiences as though they were individuals through inclusive language use, such as direct address or colloquialisms

55
Q

Exemplum

A

Anecdotes used to illustrate a point

56
Q

Percontatio

A

Similar to a rhetorical question but is in a tone of bewilderment or amazement, allowing no easy reply
e.g “Yet why does it take war to bring these problems to a forefront?’”

57
Q

Ratiocinatio

A

Type of rhetoric where you pose and argument to yourself and meet the answer

58
Q

Amplificatio

A

Elaborating an idea by saying it several times in different ways

59
Q

Anaphora

A

Repetition of the beginning of a sentence or clause for effect
e.g. “I have a dream”

60
Q

Epiphora

A

Repetition of the end of a sentence or clause for effect

e.g “government of the people, by the people, for the people”

61
Q

Diacope

A

Repetition of a word or phrase with one or two intervening words
e.g “All the great speakers were bad speakers at first”

62
Q

Tricolon

A

Use of 3 parts to a sentence to enforce a meaning

63
Q

Antithesis

A

Contrasting pairs with parallelism in grammatical structure

e.g “Ask no what your country will do for you; ask what you can do for your country”

64
Q

Parison

A

Parallelism in grammatical structure of similar ideas

65
Q

Synecdoche

A

A device in which a part is used to represent something else, e.g “We have a new face in the building”

66
Q

Received Pronunciatio

A

A British accent with connotations of high social status, not influenced by regional variation. May indicate class background or used deliberately to establish credibility by appealing to class assumptions

67
Q

Assonance

A

Repetition of vowel sounds

68
Q

Consonance

A

Repetition of consonant sounds

69
Q

Elision

A

The cutting of a syllable from a word, omission of an unstressed syllable
e.g “isn’t”

70
Q

Homophones

A

Words with the same sound but different meaning

Can be used as part of wordplay

71
Q

Plosives

A

Repetition of p, d and b sounds

72
Q

Fricatives

A

Repetition of th, v, f, and ph sounds

73
Q

Dental plosives

A

Repetition of t sounds

74
Q

Rhotic

A

Repetition of r sounds

75
Q

Prosodic features

A

Accent
Tone
Pitch
Intonation

76
Q

Idiom

A

A group of words put together to mean something non-related to the words individually
e.g “over the moon”

77
Q

Zoomorphism

A

The attribution of animal characteristics to a human

78
Q

Antropornorism

A

The attribution of human characteristics to animals

79
Q

Laudatory

A

Use of flattery to persuade

80
Q

Pathos

A

Using empathy to persuade

81
Q

Logos

A

Using logic to persuade

82
Q

Ethos

A

Using ethics/morals to persuade

83
Q

Anadiplosis

A

Repetition of the same word at the beginning and end of a sentence

84
Q

Hipophora

A

Answering your own rhetorical questions

85
Q

Modal auxiliary verbs

A

Can/could/will/would/may

English (3 decks)

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