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Geography - Tectonics (Year 1) > Key terminology > Flashcards

Key terminology Flashcards

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1
Q

aesthenosphere

A

a layer below the lithosphere, where the rock is semi-molten.

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2
Q

Benioff zone

A

the place where two plates collide, and friction is created, therefore making intermediate and deep earthquakes.

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3
Q

Destructive plate boundary

A

the place where two places are colliding, therefore creating the very gradual uplift of continental crust causing mountains, or the subduction of one crust under the other.

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4
Q

community adaptation

A

The effort of communities to change their way of life to decrease the impact made by tectonic disasters.

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5
Q

community preparedness

A

the same as community adaptation.

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6
Q

conservative plate boundary

A

where two plate boundaries have met and move alongside ach other or in opposite directions, usually at different speeds which causes stress and strain on pre-existing faults in rock. A.K.A. a transformative plate boundary

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7
Q

constructive plate boundary

A

Where two plates are pulling apart from one another, therefore creating a gap of faulting, where magma from the earth’s surface rises. A.K.A a divergent plate boundary

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7
Q

convection currents

A

hot, liquid magma currents moving within the aesthenosphere.

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8
Q

destructive plate boundary (dense oceanic plate and continental plate)

A

Also known as a convergent plate boundary, this is where two plates converge and one denser oceanic plate is subducted under the less dense continental plate due to slab pull and subduction.

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9
Q

crustal fracturing

A

Energy released within an earthquake causes the earth’s crust to fracture.

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10
Q

disaster

A

the realisation of a hazard when 10 or more people are killed, and 100 or more people are affected.

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11
Q

epicentre

A

the point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.

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12
Q

focal length

A

the length to the earth’s surface from the focus to the epicentre. This is divided into shallow, intermediate, and deep. Shallow earthquakes have the largest impacts, as the waves have not lost a lot of their energy.

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13
Q

focus

A

Also known as the hypocentre, this is the point within the earth’s crust that the earthquake starts.

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14
Q

geological structure

A

the arrangement of rocks in layers, then the joints, bedding planes, and faults within this rock.

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15
Q

governance

A

the ways individuals and institutions arrange their common affairs.

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16
Q

hazard

A

a perceived natural event which has the potential to harm life and property.

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17
Q

hazard-management cycle

A

a theoretical model of management which has four continuous factors surrounding hazard management:
- Mitigation
- preparation
- response
- recovery

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18
Q

hazard profile

A

a technique used to understand and compare the different physical characteristics of a hazard such as magnitude.

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19
Q

hot spots

A

points in the middle of tectonic plates where plumes of magma rise and erupts.

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20
Q

hydrometeorological hazards

A

hazards caused by climate processes

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21
Q

intra-plate earthquakes

A

earthquakes that occur in the middle of tectonic plates as a result of fracking, or fault line rupture.

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22
Q

jokulhlaups

A

glacial outburst floods caused by volcanic activity melting ice

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23
Q

L waves (Love waves)

A

the slowest type of seismic wave which focus all their energy on the earth’s surface

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24
Q

lahar

A

a mixture of snow and ice melted from a volcanic eruption of tephra and magma.

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25
Q

land-use zoning

A

a process whereby governments decide on how land should be used and what for.

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26
Q

landslide

A

the movement of rock material downhill under the force of gravity usually triggered by an earthquake or volcanic eruption.

27
Q

lava flow

A

magma which has reached the earth’s surface and run down the side of a volcano. There is a difference in andesitic and basaltic lava, as basaltic lava flows slower than andesitic lava because of their different velocities.

28
Q

liquefaction

A

When the violent shaking from an earthquake causes sediment to lost its stability and begin behaving like a liquid.

29
Q

lithosphere

A

the outer layer of the crust, and the upper mantle, where tectonic rock is formed.

30
Q

magnitude

A

The size of a tectonic event. A way of measuring these events is Moment Magnitude Scale for an earthquake, and the Volcanic Explosivity Index for volcanoes.

31
Q

mass movement

A

the downward travelling of rock material under gravity. It includes a wide range of processes such as rockfall, solifluction, and landslides

32
Q

mega-disaster

A

a disaster with more than normal large impacts on a community. This means normal socio-economic happenings are haulted due to the impact the disaster has.

33
Q

Mercalli scale

A

Used to measure earthquake intensity. A scale using 12 stages of damages to buildings as an indication of disaster magnitude.

34
Q

mitigation

A

an action to reduce the impacts of an event

35
Q

modifying loss

A

a way of governing that aims to have as little impact on people as possible. This may be through insuring belongings or buildings.

36
Q

modifying the event

A

a way of governing the impacts of a hazard by actually changing the event itself. This cannot be done for earthquakes, however lava can be diverted during eruptions.

37
Q

modifying the vulnerability

A

reducing the vulnerability of a disaster means reducing the impacts. This means factors like education, retrofitting, and evacuation planning are essential.

38
Q

MMS (Moment Magnitude Scale)

A

measured total energy released by an earthquake, most accurate way of measurement to date.

39
Q

multiple hazard zone

A

an area susceptible to multiple hazards such as hurricanes and earthquakes (Philippines) (Meteorological and tectonic)

40
Q

P waves

A

the fastest seismic wave which travels at 8 m/s and travels through solids and liquids.

41
Q

S waves

A

Secondary waves are the second-most fast seismic waves which travel at 4 m/s and can travel through solids.

42
Q

palaeomagnetism

A

the study of the past changes in earth’s magnetic fields

43
Q

park model

A

shows how a country or region may respond after a hazard event.

44
Q

plate tectonics

A

a theory devised to explain the large-scale movement of the lithosphere.

45
Q

PAR model

A

A model used to show the vulnerability of an area or region

46
Q

pyroclastic flows

A

A mass of hot ash, lava, and gas which flows at high speeds and are extremely hot.

47
Q

resilience

A

the ability of a community to recover from an event and its impacts.

48
Q

Richter scale

A

A scale measuring the height of waves produced by an earthquake

49
Q

risk

A

the exposure of people to an event, the probability of a hazard causing damage.

50
Q

seismic hazards

A

generated when rocks 700m below ground fracture and release energy.

51
Q

sea floor spreading

A

the moving apart of divergent plate boundaries causing the increase of seafloor volume and the change in the earth’s magnetism. (Palaeomagnitism)

52
Q

slab pull

A

when newly subducted crust sinks to the mantle, pulling the slab down with it.

53
Q

subduction zone

A

the area in the mantle where tectonic plates melt.

54
Q

tephra

A

material ejected from a volcano, either large pieces of rock ,or small pieces of ash.

55
Q

transform fault

A

a fault created when two large slabs push past each other.

56
Q

water column displacement

A

a process where a volume of water is displaced above the area of a rupture in rock, caused by an earthquake, such as thrust.

57
Q

oceanic crust

A

thin, dense crust underneath ocean basins.

58
Q

continental crust

A

thick, low density crust underneath the continents.

59
Q

mantle

A

the area of liquid rock where mantle rises to form convection currents, consisting of two different layers.

60
Q

aesthenosphere

A

upper part of the mantle where rocks are brittle enough to break under stress.

61
Q

mesosphere

A

lower, hotter layer of the mantle where rocks are ‘plastic’ and flow.

62
Q

lithosphere

A

upper part of the earth’s crust, which is broken up into constantly-moving tectonic plates.

63
Q

inner core

A

area which causes radioactive decay to release heat from the centre of the earth.

64
Q

outer core

A

liquid covering of the inner core which begins the cycle of convection currents.

Geography - Tectonics (Year 1) (4 decks)

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