EQ3

Question 1

How has the number of tectonic events changed throughout history?

Answer 1

It has fluctuated annually.
Peak in 1997 and 2000.
Trough in the 1980’s.
There has been no significant overall change.

Question 2

How have hydro-meteorological events changed throughout history?

Answer 2

They are increasing because of climate change.

Question 3

How has number of disasters reported increased over time?

Answer 3

Increased significantly.
Peak in 2000.
Trough in 1964.
This is due to the instant exchange of info over the internet.
Media reports on more ‘sudden onset’ factors instead of larger, more continuous factors such as famine.

Question 4

How has lives affected changed over time by tectonic hazards?

Answer 4

• Increased due to rapid urbanisation and population increase.

Question 5

How has economic cost changed over time?

Answer 5

• Increased due to increasing global development.

Question 6

What is the significance of tectonic disasters?

Answer 6

• 2.2% of fatalities from natural events were earthquakes in 20th century.
• 0.1% were volcanoes.
• Vulnerability increases the longer an event lasts. E.g., famine or drought.

Question 7

What causes vulnerability?

Answer 7

A complex relationship between human and physical characteristics.
- poor response systems
- poverty.
- poor national development. E.g., Haiti 2010. Poor infrastructure.

Question 8

Case Study: Gujarat earthquake

Answer 8

20,000 deaths
Minority groups weren’t given equal aid.

Question 9

Case study: Pinatubo 1991

Answer 9

1991
- Tephra was ejected around the Indian ocean, therefore leading to the disruption of certain flights.
- 0.6 deg. of cooling for 3 years around the world.
- $100 million worth of damage.

Question 10

Case Study: Eyjafjallajokull

Answer 10

• 100 million m3 of ash was ejected into the atmosphere. This disrupted over 10,000 flights over the Atlantic.
• Jet Stream influence on the ash caused this spread.
• $3 billion in overall costs.
• However, the lack of flights meant better air quality for some European airports.

Question 11

Case Study: Tohoku 2011

Answer 11

• One person in California died due to destroyed docks.
• Radioactive sea water ended up in North America.
• Japan reduced its contribution to world industry.
• This change led to a 17cm wobble of the earth. (Smaller compared to hydro-meteorological influences)
• Germany phased out nuclear energy.

Question 12

Case Study: Indian Ocean 2004 (Boxing Day Tsunami)

Answer 12

Directly impacted over 7 countries.
46 other countries were affected due to tourist deaths, impacting communities.

Question 13

Case Study: The Philippines (Multiple Hazard Zone)

Answer 13

• 1000 inhabited islands.
• 102 mil. pop.
• Subduction zone around the Pacific
• 37 volcanoes
• WRI placed it as the 3rd most at-risk country in 2015.
• 74% of its pop. is exposed to two or more natural hazards.
• reported 555 natural hazards in 2015.

Question 14

How is the government acting to protect the population of the Philippines?

Answer 14

• Disaster Risk Management Act
• removing illegal settlers out of hydro-meteorologically active zones.
• Aiming to map all faults.

Question 15

Who are the key sources of international aid?

Answer 15

• EU
• World Bank
• United Nations
• Individual countries (E.g., UK, US, and Germany)

Question 16

Where is given aid by the UN?

Answer 16

• Pakistan is given aid via remittances due to its high rate of emigration creating links between places.
• Haiti was given or pledged $4.5 billion after the earthquake in 2010.

Question 17

What is along the X-axis of the Park model?

Answer 17

Relief, (Hours to days)
Rehabilitation (days to weeks)
Reconstruction (Weeks to years)

Question 18

What is along the Y-axis of the Park Model?

Answer 18

-social wellbeing
- Economic development
- communications and service levels.

Question 19

What are the fout hazard management cycle sections?

Answer 19

• mitigation
• preparedness
• response - warning, evacuation, providing immediate assistance.
• reconstruction

Question 20

Case Study: Modifying the event

Answer 20

• Mt. Etna 1983, barriers were built to prevent lava.
• Hiemaey, Iceland. Water was sprayed on the lava to cool it.
• New Zealand use LiDAR technology to may a 3D image of the earth’s surface.

Question 21

Case Study: modifying vulnerability

Answer 21

• Poor: Italy’s L’Aquila earthquake lead to many deaths due to the ‘ineffective, generic, and vague’ warning system by scientists.
• Base isolators have been places inside Christchurch’s clock tower.
• San Francisco has a Regional Catastrophic Earthquake Mass Transportation/Evacuation Plan.
• Warning system in regional areas around Indonesia after the 2008 tsunami.

Question 22

Case Study: Modifying the loss

Answer 22

• People took comfort through prayer or religious practise at Mt. Merapi after its eruption.
• Some settlements can be entirely moved such as the Balakot being moved 23km Westwards after the Kashmir Earthquake of 2005.

Question 23

What is the ‘Sendai Framework’?

Answer 23

A policy running from 2015-2030 concerning the reduction of loss after a natural event. This came after the hazard development decade in the 1990’s where bottom-up development and top-down development aimed to be united.