Key studies

Question 1

What is Pollarks biological study

Answer 1

Women compelled to commit certain crimes du to hormones etc.
Women manipulate men to commit crime and chivalry thesis *(no evidence)

Question 2

What is Speed and Burrows in relation to Chivalry Thesis

Answer 2

Male offenders 2x likely to receive a custodial sentence as female offenders - shoplifting

Question 3

What does Klein suggest about the concept of chivarly

Answer 3

Racist and Classist - notion of women as ‘ladies’ which are only applicable to middle class white women (least likely to come into contact of CJS)

Question 4

What does Carlen argue about motherhood

Answer 4

Role of mother is taken into account much more than a male’s role as father

Question 5

What does Heidensohn suggest about women in court

Answer 5

Female offenders who conform to expectation of feminine behaviour, by crying or showing maternal love, may be treated more leniently than males

Question 6

What did Females have that influenced the CJS

Answer 6

More likely to have mitigating factors e.g motherly responisbilites

Question 7

What did Females have that influenced the CJS

Answer 7

More likely to have mitigating factors e.g motherly responsibilities

Question 8

What did Females have that influenced the CJS

Answer 8

More likely to have mitigating factors e.g motherly responsibilities

Question 9

What did Morris find about factors

Answer 9

Females more likely to be first time offenders, committed less serious form of offence (eg no violence or stole less)

Question 10

What did Chensey Lind Find

Answer 10

Female crime seen to be sexualised

Question 11

What did Thomas argue about men and women

Answer 11

possessing different personality traits (Biological argument) - different brains and thus have a different tendency to commit crimes

Question 12

What does Sutherland say (functionalist)

Answer 12

clear gender differences in socialisation e.g girls more controlled

Question 13

What does Parsons find in NF

Answer 13

Gender roles within the nuclear family. Instrumental and expressive

Question 14

What does the feminist Smart find

Answer 14

Controls over girls within the family

Question 15

What did the feminist view of Carlen say

Answer 15

Women who deviant more likely to be poorer e.g care backround

Question 16

What did Jackson find

Answer 16

Lads and Laddettes (girls behaving deviant like boys)

Question 17

Adler on liberation theology

Answer 17

Female crime on rise due to liberations as females achieve equality this leads them into more masculine behaviour.

Question 18

Critique of Adler and liberation thesis

Answer 18

Stat evidence has been challenged, crime decreased and serious offences for women decreased

Question 19

What does Messerschmidt argue about Hegemonic masculinity

Answer 19

how it emphasises competitive and aggression due to lack of male identity

Question 20

What is hyper masculinity

Answer 20

Made by Mosher shows how poor jobless men display masculinity through toughness and violence

Question 21

What is the crisis of masculinity

Answer 21

where decline in working industrial jobs leads working class men towards more violent behaviour to accomplish masculinity as traditional breadwinner role has been taken.

Question 22

What is the crisis of masculinity

Answer 22

where decline in working industrial jobs leads working class men towards more violent behaviour to accomplish masculinity as traditional breadwinner role has been taken.

Question 23

What does Winlow point out about crisis of masculinity

Answer 23

Where unemployment in Sunderland has left young men without role and thus violence became more significant and drug dealing. People became bouncers as a form of expression

Question 24

Contemporary example of Women in crime

Answer 24

Emily Boyne (holding up shop with gun)

Question 25

Dobash and Dobash

Answer 25

(1979), found police officers were ‘very unlikely’ to make an arrest when the male offender had used violence against his wife, viewing this as a domestic dispute.