Key Science Skills Flashcards
Bioethics
Subset of ethics dealing with biological ethical issues
3 Bioethical approaches
Acting as framework for bioethical issues
Consequence Based Approach
Duty/Rule Based Approach
Virtues Based Approach
Consequence based approach
Aimed to maximise positive outcomes while minimising negative outcomes. Right action is the one with the best outcome. Pro-life
Duty/Rule based approach
Aimed to promote responsibility of agent above all else. Importance of following the rules and less regard for consequence. Pro-choice
Virtues based approach
Aimed to emphasise individual morals and values.
5 Ethical Concepts
- Integrity
- Justice
- Non-Maleficence
- Beneficence
- Respect
Integrity
Commitment to knowledge, being completely honest and trustworthy
Respect
Commitment to consideration, valuing living things, prioritising freedom, beliefs and culture
Beneficence
Commitment to maximum benefits and minimum harm, improving condition through charity
Non-Maleficence
Commitment to minimising harm and when unavoidable, making sure it isn’t disproportionate, sometimes at detriment to somebodies autonomy
Justice
Commitment to fairness, ensuring no unfair burden on specific people
Independent Variable
Factor deliberately changed
Dependent Variable
Factor measured, depending on factor changed
Controlled variables
Factors kept the same
Qualitative data
Categorical data, that is descriptive which can either be ordinal or nominal
Ordinal
Qualitative data that can be ordered or ranked
Nominal
Qualitative data that cannot be organised logically
Quantitive data
Numerical data, measured with numerical values, which can be continuous or discrete
Continuous
Quantitive data that can have any numerical value
Discrete
Quantitive data that can only take set, counted values
Validity of data
Refers to credibility of research from experiments, and needs to be measured in fair testing
Accuracy
How close experimental measurement is to a known value
Precision
How close multiple measurements of the same investigation are to each other
Repeatability
How close results of investigation are to each other in same conditions
Reproducibility
How close results with same variables measured but in different conditions are
Errors
Difference between measurement taken and true value expected
Main types of errors
- Random errors
- Systematic errors
- Personal errors
Random errors
Chance variations in measurement affecting precision in measurement. Can be reduced through repeated measurements and being averaged
Personal errors
Mistakes made by person
Systematic errors
Accuracy in measurements, typically as a result of equipment but cannot be improved by repeating the experiment and is consistently to high or low
