KEY REVIEW Flashcards
plato’s method of conveying philosophical ideas through dialogues and fictional characters
plato’s indirectness
what is socratic elenchus?
socrates’ questioning method to stimulate critical thinking and expose contradictions in one’s beliefs
what is platonic irony?
plato’s use of irony to convey deeper meanings or truths indirectly
philosophical puzzlement or confusion, often used as a starting point for inquiry
aporia
what is socrates’ Daimon?
socrates’ inner divine voice guiding him and influencing his actions
define the philosophic way of life in the apology
socrates’ commitment to questioning, examining life, and pursuing wisdom
what is the difference between a “knack” (empeiria) and “craft” (techne)?
a knack relies on experience without systematic understanding, while a craft involves knowledge and skill
what is the difference between sophistry and philosophy?
sophistry is deceptive reasoning for persuasion, philosophy seeks genuine understanding and truth
what is the difference between rhetoric, poetry, and philosophy?
rhetoric persuades, poetry evokes emotion, philosophy seeks truth and understanding
virtue ethics, consequentialism, and deontology are:
different moral theories in Ancient Greece
what is Eudaimonia?
the ultimate human good or flourishing, often is associated with virtuous living
what is virtue?
moral excellence or character traits contributing to a good and meaningful life
intrinsic goods versus extrinsic goods
intrinsic: goods valuable in themselves, extrinsic: have value for their consequences
what is the relationship between virtue and happiness/eudaimonia?
virtue is central to achieving lasting happiness, seen in Aristotles, the epicureans, and the stoics perspectives
what is ataraxia?
tranquility and freedom from disturbance, a key goal in epicureanism
groundless pleasures versus natural desires
the epicurean distinction between necessary and unnecessary desires
the stoic idea of aligning one’s life with the natural order
living in harmony with nature
what is “preferred indifferents”?
the stoic concept of things neither good nor bad, but preferred for a tranquil life
consequentialist versus non-consequentialist theories of morality
morality based on outcomes vs. inherent principles
what is moral relativism?
idea that there is no universal or absolute set of moral principles
what is the categorical imperative?
Kantian moral principles based on universal laws
hypothetical imperatives vs. categorical imperatives
conditional commands vs. unconditional moral commands in Kantian ethics
what is the utilitarian/hedonic calculus?
utilitarian method of calculating the greatest happiness or pleasure
what is the principle of utility?
central idea in utilitarianism, promoting actions for the greatest overall happiness
central goals in utilitarian and hedonistic ethics
happiness and pleasure
act vs rule utilitarianism
assessing individual actions vs following general rules for the greatest good
what is the principle of impartiality?
treating everyone’s interests equally in utilitarian ethics
the four liberty limiting principles:
- harm principle, 2. principle of paternalism, 3. principle of legal moralism, 4. offense principle
the three ethical principles:
- respect for autonomy, 2. beneficence, 3. justice
distinctions between rights that require action and those that demand non-interference
positive and negative rights
Hobbes’ state of nature
Hobbes’ hypothetical pre-social condition characterized by conflict and insecurity
Locke’s state of nature
Locke’s hypothetical pre-social state with natural rights and limited conflict
Hobbes’ social contract
Hobbes’ theory on the agreement to create a sovereign authority for mutual protection
the capitalist class, owning meaning of production in Marxist theory
Bourgeoisie (Marx)
Proletariat (Marx)
the working class, labouring for the bourgeoisie in Marxist theory
Marx’s concept of workers feeling disconnected from the products of their labour
Alienation of labour (Marx)
Deontological ethical theories evaluate moral worth based on ___________
actions and intentions rather than consequences
