KEY REVIEW

Question 1

plato’s method of conveying philosophical ideas through dialogues and fictional characters

Answer 1

plato’s indirectness

Question 2

what is socratic elenchus?

Answer 2

socrates’ questioning method to stimulate critical thinking and expose contradictions in one’s beliefs

Question 3

what is platonic irony?

Answer 3

plato’s use of irony to convey deeper meanings or truths indirectly

Question 4

philosophical puzzlement or confusion, often used as a starting point for inquiry

Answer 4

aporia

Question 5

what is socrates’ Daimon?

Answer 5

socrates’ inner divine voice guiding him and influencing his actions

Question 6

define the philosophic way of life in the apology

Answer 6

socrates’ commitment to questioning, examining life, and pursuing wisdom

Question 7

what is the difference between a “knack” (empeiria) and “craft” (techne)?

Answer 7

a knack relies on experience without systematic understanding, while a craft involves knowledge and skill

Question 8

what is the difference between sophistry and philosophy?

Answer 8

sophistry is deceptive reasoning for persuasion, philosophy seeks genuine understanding and truth

Question 9

what is the difference between rhetoric, poetry, and philosophy?

Answer 9

rhetoric persuades, poetry evokes emotion, philosophy seeks truth and understanding

Question 10

virtue ethics, consequentialism, and deontology are:

Answer 10

different moral theories in Ancient Greece

Question 11

what is Eudaimonia?

Answer 11

the ultimate human good or flourishing, often is associated with virtuous living

Question 12

what is virtue?

Answer 12

moral excellence or character traits contributing to a good and meaningful life

Question 13

intrinsic goods versus extrinsic goods

Answer 13

intrinsic: goods valuable in themselves, extrinsic: have value for their consequences

Question 14

what is the relationship between virtue and happiness/eudaimonia?

Answer 14

virtue is central to achieving lasting happiness, seen in Aristotles, the epicureans, and the stoics perspectives

Question 15

what is ataraxia?

Answer 15

tranquility and freedom from disturbance, a key goal in epicureanism

Question 16

groundless pleasures versus natural desires

Answer 16

the epicurean distinction between necessary and unnecessary desires

Question 17

the stoic idea of aligning one’s life with the natural order

Answer 17

living in harmony with nature

Question 18

what is “preferred indifferents”?

Answer 18

the stoic concept of things neither good nor bad, but preferred for a tranquil life

Question 19

consequentialist versus non-consequentialist theories of morality

Answer 19

morality based on outcomes vs. inherent principles

Question 20

what is moral relativism?

Answer 20

idea that there is no universal or absolute set of moral principles

Question 21

what is the categorical imperative?

Answer 21

Kantian moral principles based on universal laws

Question 22

hypothetical imperatives vs. categorical imperatives

Answer 22

conditional commands vs. unconditional moral commands in Kantian ethics

Question 23

what is the utilitarian/hedonic calculus?

Answer 23

utilitarian method of calculating the greatest happiness or pleasure

Question 24

what is the principle of utility?

Answer 24

central idea in utilitarianism, promoting actions for the greatest overall happiness

Question 25

central goals in utilitarian and hedonistic ethics

Answer 25

happiness and pleasure

Question 26

act vs rule utilitarianism

Answer 26

assessing individual actions vs following general rules for the greatest good

Question 27

what is the principle of impartiality?

Answer 27

treating everyone’s interests equally in utilitarian ethics

Question 28

the four liberty limiting principles:

Answer 28

1. harm principle, 2. principle of paternalism, 3. principle of legal moralism, 4. offense principle

Question 29

the three ethical principles:

Answer 29

1. respect for autonomy, 2. beneficence, 3. justice

Question 30

distinctions between rights that require action and those that demand non-interference

Answer 30

positive and negative rights

Question 31

Hobbes’ state of nature

Answer 31

Hobbes’ hypothetical pre-social condition characterized by conflict and insecurity

Question 32

Locke’s state of nature

Answer 32

Locke’s hypothetical pre-social state with natural rights and limited conflict

Question 33

Hobbes’ social contract

Answer 33

Hobbes’ theory on the agreement to create a sovereign authority for mutual protection

Question 34

the capitalist class, owning meaning of production in Marxist theory

Answer 34

Bourgeoisie (Marx)

Question 35

Proletariat (Marx)

Answer 35

the working class, labouring for the bourgeoisie in Marxist theory

Question 36

Marx’s concept of workers feeling disconnected from the products of their labour

Answer 36

Alienation of labour (Marx)

Question 37

Deontological ethical theories evaluate moral worth based on ___________

Answer 37

actions and intentions rather than consequences