Key Period 7 Flashcards
274) The Influence of Sea Power on History
Written by Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, hich argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance
275) Anglo-Saxonism and the White Man’s
Burden
Anglo-Saxonism is the belief that the White race is superior in comparison to other races. The White Man’s Burden is where the white people decided it was their obligation to improve the other races by teaching them white customs
276) Treaty of Kanagawa
Ended Japan’s two-hundred year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports.
277) Open Door Policy
Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.
278) Annexation of Hawaii
U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898
279) U.S.S. Maine
The Ship that blew up due to Spanish mines, not really. It blew up due to an accident on board aka fire in the ammunition container
280) Yellow journalism
journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers; popularized in the late nineteenth century by Jospeh Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
281) Anti-Imperialist League
formed to fight the McKinley administration’s expansionist moves; members included William James, Mark Twain, and Andrew Carnegie; claimed that it was against America’s Democratic ideals to “take over” other lands
282) Teller Amendment
act of Congress in 1898 that stated that when the United States had rid Cuba of Spanish misrule, Cuba would be granted its freedom
283) Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo revolutionary Filipino who commanded Filipino troops to help American George Dewey to acquire Manila from Spain; later led Filipinos against the U.S. in 1899 because of their denied freedom after the war
284) Rough Riders
group of American volunteers that formed to fight at San Juan Hill in Cuba; many of them were cowboys, ex-convicts, and other rugged men like the Princeton Polo Team. Organized by Theodore Roosevelt.
285) Jingoism
Extremely aggressive patriotism
286) Platt Amendment
gave the US the right to take over the Island of Cuba if that country entered into a treaty or debt that might place its freedom in danger; also gave the U.S. the right to put a naval base in Cuba to protect it and the US holdings in the Caribbean
287) Insular Cases
It was a Supreme Court case where they decided that just because someone lived in a place owned by the US that did not entitle them to the rights of people who lived on the mainland.
288) Big Stick Policy
Roosevelt’s foreign policy in a nutshell, he would approach the problem diplomatically then if that didn’t work then he always had his big stick at the ready. Meaning he would intimidate the other nations into agreeing
289) Panama Canal
The canal that found a preventative method to malaria, it also cut the shipping time by water for the US by 1/2 leading to a price drop and an even larger consumer culture.
290) Roosevelt Corollary
the US would intervene in Latin American and collect debts for Europe it CORRELATES to the Monroe Doctrine which closed Americas to colonization
291) Great White Fleet
The nickname given to the US Navy after Roosevelt modernized it and decided to paint all the ships white and send them on a “good will tour” which really was meant to intimidate the other nations
292) Gentlemen’s Agreement
The agreement between the US and China where they would stop sending people overseas in exchange for Chinese receiving the benefits of public education
293) Sussex Ultimatum
Wilson told Germany that if they didnt stop sinking merchant ships with warning, he would break diplomatic relations. Germany agree to but continued to sink merchant dhips
294) Zimmerman Telegram
Zimmerman Note 1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile
295) Jeanette Rankin
The first Congresswoman who represented Wyoming(?) and voted against not one but both World Wars
296) Committee on Public Information
was a propaganda committee that built support for the war effort in Europe among Americans. It depicted Germans and other enemies on bad terms, and served to censor the press. The committee helped spur up the anti-German feeling in America as well as motivated Americans to support war against Germany once declared
297) Espionage Act and Sedition Act
Espionage Act was a law which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during World War 1. Sedition Act was added to Espionage Act, this act deemed “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language” about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces as criminal and worthy of prosecution
298) Schenck v. United States
ustice Holmes’ claim that Congress could restrict speech if the words “are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create and clear and present danger” when Schenck was convicted for mailing pamphlets urging potential army inductees to resist conscription
299) Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) or Wobblies
This radical union aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor’s interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.
300) National War Labor Board
The board was a composition of representatives from business and labor designed to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers. It settled any possible labor difficulties that might hamper the war efforts.
301) Food Administration
It was a government organization created to stir up a patriotic spirit which encouraged people to voluntarily sacrifice some of their own goods for the war. It helped the war effort by helping create a food surplus to feed America and its allies.
302) Fourteen Points
Wilson’s statement of principles for world peace that was to be used for peace negotiations to end World War I
303) Treaty of Versailles
was created to solve problems made by World War I. Germany was forced to accept the treaty. It was composed of only four of the original points made by President Woodrow Wilson. The treaty punished Germany and did nothing to stop the threat of future wars. It maintained the pre-war power structure.
304) Irreconcilables
A hard core of isolationist senators who bitterly opposed any sort of league; also called the “Battalion of Death”
305) Article X and the League of Nations
This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression. League of Nations is an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
306) The Dawes Plan
A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S.
307) Washington Disarmament Conference
Meeting held from 1921 to 1922; all naval powers were invited except for Bolshevik Russia. Secretary Hughes laid out a comprehensive plan for declaring a ten-year “holiday” on construction of battleships
308) Kellogg-Briand Pact
agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another
309) Ohio Gang
A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding’s reputation even though he wasn’t involved.
310) Teapot Dome Scandal
symbol of government corruption; government oil reserves were secretly leased to oil companies in exchange for financial compensation
311) Red Scare
a period of general fear of communists, A. Mitchell Palmer convicted many during red scare, general chaos and fear of Russians
312) Palmer Raids
A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities
313) Sacco and Vanzetti
Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were convicted of murdering a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard; they were Italians, atheists, anarchists, draft dodgers and the courts may have been prejudiced against them
314) KKK (1920s)
secret domestic militant organizations in the United States, originating in the southern states and eventually having national scope, that are best known for advocating white supremacy and acting as terrorists while hidden behind conical hats, masks and white robes.
315) Emergency Quota Act and National
Origins Act
Emergency Quote Act made it so newcomers/immigrants from Europe were restricted in any given year to a quota, set at 3%.. The National Origins Act was A government legislation that cut down the percent of the Emergency Quota Act from 3% to 2%, and it changed the census used from the 1910 one to that of the 1890 one
316) Eighteenth Amendment and the
Volstead Act
Prohibited the non-medical sale and creation of alcohol. Volstead Act established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department. It was under-budgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states
317) Speakeasies
“Bars” of the prohibition era; these were illicit places of social gathering.
318) Scopes “Monkey Trial”
1925, School teacher Scopes accused of teaching theory of evolution and put on trial. Prosecution was William Jennings Bryan and defense was Clarence Darrow. Accused but let off the hook due to technicality
319) Henry Ford’s Model T
Car produced by Henry Ford, was highly affordable and was the main thing people used to get out of the house since being independent was more sought after during this era
320) Charles Lindbergh
an American aviator, engineer , and Pulitzer Prize winner. He was famous for flying solo across the Atlantic, paving the way for future aviation development.
321) Jazz Age
a time when jazz became the most popular genre of music in the United States. It occurred at the time when radio was becoming mainstream. Originally, jazz was played by African-Americans, but eventually it caught on in the white middle class.
322) F. Scott Fitzgerald
a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the “couple” of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster’s pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.
323) Flappers
Flappers carefree young women with short, “bobbed” hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new “liberated” woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals
324) The Jazz Singer
The first “talkie movie” meaning that it was the first movie to have sound while the movie is playing. The reception to such technology was mixed, some people thought it was witchcraft while others embraced it wholeheartedly.
325) The Lost Generation
The Lost Generation is the name given to the generation of people who lived through World War 1. They were given this name because they were so alienated from every other generation due to the atrocities they had to witness that they no longer identified with any one.
326) Great Migration
The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest. Causes for migration included decreasing cotton prices, the lack of immigrant workers in the North, increased manufacturing as a result of the war, and the strengthening of the KKK. Migration led to higher wages, more educational opportunities, and better standards of life for some blacks.
327) Marcus Garvey and United Negro
Improvement Association
Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican leader of “Negro Nationalism” movement
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Promoted black separatism
“Back to Africa” Movement - wanted people to move back “home”
Black Star Line - shipping line who hired only blacks
328) Harlem Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance: A rebirth of African American culture during the 1920’s
Illustrated the struggles and contributions of African Americans
Seen in literature, art, music, dance, etc.
Causes: WWI and Great Migration
329) Langston Hughes
A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance in poems such as “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” and “My People”
330) Zora Neale Hurston
Wrote: Their Eyes Were Watching God - A book that wanted to prove that stories did not have to focus on white suppression.
331) Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929, It was the day that the New York Stock Exchange crashed.
332) Reconstruction Finance
Corporation
This agency became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, and railroads.
333) Bonus Army
A group of almost 20,000 World War I veterans who were hard-hit victims of the depression, who wanted what the government owed them for their services and “saving” democracy
334) Hawley-Smoot Tariff
1930-highest tariff in U.S. history. It raised duties on agricultural and manufactured imports. It may have contributed to the spread of international economic depression
335) Hoovervilles
many families lost their homes because they could not pay their mortgages. These people had no choice but to seek alternative forms of shelter.
336) Dust Bowl
Parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas that were hit hard by dry topsoil and high winds that created blinding dust storms; this area of the Great Plains became called that because winds blew away crops and farms, and blew dust from Oklahoma to Albany, New York. Ruined farms and left many farmers with out crops and money.
337) Okies
This was the nickname given to farmers and their families who came from the panhandle regions of Oklahoma or Texas to California in search of the “Promised Land”
338) The Three R’s
by FDR; a plan to bring about the recovery of the United States from the effects of the Great Depression: Relief-relieve the suffering of those hit by the depression, Recovery- help the economy recover, and Reform-reforms areas that caused the depression
339) The New Deal
President Franklin Roosevelt’s precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state’s intervention in U.S. social and economic life.
340) First Hundred Days
This is the term applied to President Roosevelt’s first three months in taking office. During this time, FDR had managed to get Congress to pass an unprecedented amount of new legislation that would revolutionize the role of the federal government from that point on
341) Emergency Banking Relief Act
Gave president the power to regulate banking transactions and open/close national banks. Also to print money whenever it was necessary and took out the Gold Standard
342) Fireside chats
The informal radio talks President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had with Americans during the Great Depression. They not only unified America with these nationwide speeches, but he roses American spirits by encouraging Americans through the Great Depression.
343) Huey P. Long
Louisiana Governor that wanted to help underprivileged people by improving education, medical care, and public services. developer of the “Share-Our-Wealth” program. limited personal income to $1 million, and inheritance to $5 million
344) American Liberty League
Organization of wealthy Republicans and conservative Democrats whose attacks on the New Deal caused Roosevelt to denounce them as “economic royalists” in the campaign of 1936
345) National Labor Relations Act
Created the National Labor Relation Board was an administrative board that gave laborers the rights of self-organization and collective bargaining.
346) Schechter v. United States
Declared the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional on three grounds: That the act delegated legislative power to the exectutive; that there was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation; and that it sought to regulate the businesses that wre wholly intrastate in character
347) Court-packing scheme
This was when FDR tried to add an additional 6 judges to the SCOTUS and was immediately met with heavy criticism due to the imbalance of power that it would create
348) Roosevelt Recession
Roosevelt Recession was when, due to FDR’s deficit spending, the country entered a recession that was in the Great Depression, giving is Depressionception
349) Good Neighbor Policy
the Good Neighbor Policy was a plan to improve relations with Latin-America, by nullifying the Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt Corollary, and Platt Amendment this led to the US pretty much pulling out of South America;s business
350) Neutrality Acts
Neutrality Acts pretty much made it so that America officially declares its neutrality in the European conflict. Was significant because the Allies were relying on our help to win the war
351) Cash-and-carry
Cash-and-carry was where Britain can buy old weapons but they have to ship them back themselves. Was significant because it pretty was US going against its Neutrality Act without saying so
352) Destroyers for Bases
Destroyers for Bases was where the US would give the Allies its destroyer ships in exchange for control over British bases. Another examples of the US not following the Neutrality act
353) Lend-Lease Act
Lend-Lease Act pretty much was the US saying in a document, we are gonna let our allies use whatever they want for however long they want free of charge. This was the US finally officially breaking its Neutrality Act
354) Atlantic Charter
Atlantic Charter was an official document of friendship between US and Britain, this was significant because now the US had a legitimate reason to join the war
355) Four Freedoms Speech
Speech by FDR’s State of the Union address. Talked to the public about the importance of the Freedom of speech, freedom from fear, freedom from want, and Freedom of worship
356) Pearl Harbor
A Japanese military pre-emptive strike where they thought the American military would be crippled. This ignited American fervor for war and targeted it at the Japanese
357) General Dwight D. Eisenhower
The leader of the Allied Forces in the European theatre only. He was the commanding officer for the D-Day invasion of Normandy
355) Four Freedoms Speech
The four freedoms are Freedom of speech, Freedom from fear, Freedom from want, and Freedom of worship all of which were used as justifications for going to war with Germany
356) Pearl Harbor
The preemptive strike that Japan initiated to the US Navy that was stationed at Pearl Harbor, caused Americans to turn hatred toward Japanese albeit Japanese Americans or regular Japanese people
357) General Dwight D. Eisenhower
The commander of all the Allied forces in the European theater. Played an important role in the Africa campaign against the Desert Fox, General Rommel
358) Operation Overlord
Another name for the D-Day Invasion of Normandy
Led by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower
Had Element of surprise
Landing Points: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Sword, Juno
Omaha would be the deadliest
Over 1 M men ready to go, on that day
25,000 men lost on Omaha alone
359) Bataan Death March
Forced march of American and Filipino POWs
Hundreds died along the way, due to starvation, disease, physical, abuse, or execution
360) Doolittle Raid
America’s first offensive strike against Japan
Almost killed the Emperor, which would have crushed the Japanese morale
361) Battle of Midway
Japan plans surprise attack at Midway Island (essential to supply lines through Australia)
U.S. discovers plan and destroys significant portion of Japan’s navy
Turning point in the Pacific Theatre
362) Island hopping campaign
Island hopping was like a long game war of attrition
Purpose: Prevent destructive all-out war with Japan
Plan: Get closer and closer to Japan by taking over less fortified
Fight -> defeat -> move supplies -> rebuild -> plan next attack
Helped avoid Pacific islands surrounded by dangerous coral reef that made movement difficult
