Key Period 6 Flashcards
209) Gilded Age
The Gilded Age lasted from the 1870’s to around 1900 it was named so because the rich created a golden age that hid the poor quality beneath it. During this age the rich got richer while the poor became more poor and the middle class grew
210) New Immigrants
The New immigrants were people that came to America from Western and Northern Europe as well as the Far East (China, Japan, etc.)
211) Ellis Island and Angel Island
Ellis Island was the place where immigrants would be allowed into the United States. It was in used from 1892 to 1924 and the first person to pass through Ellis Island was Annie Moore. Angel Island is the West Coast equivalent to Ellis Island but was less accommodating to the immigrants and barely let anyone through
212) American Protective Association
An organization that was created in Iowa in 1887, it was a nativist group expressed outrage at the existence of separate Catholic schools, while demanding, at the same that all public school teachers be protestant
213) Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provide an absolute 10 year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration.
214) Ethnic enclave
An ethnic enclave is a geographic area with a high population of a certain ethnic or people with similar characteristic cultural identity and economic activity
215) Tammany Hall and William “Boss” Tweed
Tammany Hall was a democratic political machine in New York City it was notorious for graft (use of authority for personal gain) and political corruption). Tweed was the most notorious leader of Tammany Hall.
216) Jacob Riis and How the Other Half Lives
Jacob Riis was an early 1900’s writer who exposed social and political evils in the US which his novel “How The Other Half Lives”. His book exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell’s Kitchen
217) Gibson Girl
The ideal woman as portrayed as Charles Dana Gibson in the stories he wrote.
218) laissez faire economics
Laissez faire economics is a policy where the government does not have any control over trade, meaning little to no regulations, tariffs, etc.
219) Scientific management
A management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it
220) Social Darwinism
Where Darwin’s theory of evolution was applied to society and politics, only the fittest would survive.
221) Vertical integration and horizontal
integration
Vertical integration is when a company expands its business into areas that are at different points on the same production path, such as when a manufacturer owns its supplier and/or distributor
Horizontal integration is the acquisition of additional business activities that are at the same level of the value chain in similar or different industries. This can be achieved by internal or external expansion.
222) Monopolies trusts and holding companies
Monopoly is exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices. Trusts are a legal arrangement whereby control over property is transferred to a person or organization (the trustee) for the benefit of someone else (the beneficiary). Holding Company a form of business which does not create anything itself; instead, it owns the stock of companies that do produce goods
223) War of Currents
The War of Currents was a normal phrase used to describe the competition between the Edison and Tesla electric companies. Edison ended up winning.
224) Robber Baron
an American capitalist of the latter part of the 19th century who became wealthy through exploitation (as of natural resources, governmental influence, or low wage scales)
225) Cornelius Vanderbilt
United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877
226) Andrew Carnegie
He was a Scottish-American industrialist who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century. He built a leadership role as a philanthropist for the United States and the British Empire
227) John D. Rockefeller
Rockefeller was a titan of business that monopolized the oil market. His monopolization of oil would lead to his family becoming extremely wealthy. Oil was important because it would be used later to power automobiles.
228) J.P. Morgan
J.P. Morgan was a extremely influential banker that helped organized General Electric, U.S Steel and other major corporations. His modern-day firm is known as JPMorgan Chase.
229) Gospel of Wealth
The Gospel of Wealth was a book written by Andrew Carnegie that advocated the importance of philanthropy where millionaires would give money back to their communities.
The rich have a moral obligation to give away their fortunes beyond what is necessary to supply one’s families
230) Knights of Labor
The Knights of Labor were a secret society of unions tht were vertically organized. The Knights of Labor accepted members of all skill levels and sexes. African Americans were accepted as members after 1883 but they strongly supported the Chinese Exclusion Act.
231) American Federation of Labor
The American Federation of Labor had the motto Keep it Simple meaning that they that the workers simply wanted better wages and working conditions. These problems if solved would unite the working class.
232) Great Railroad Strike of 1877
This was when workers that worked for the the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad companies rose up due to wage cuts.
233) Haymarket Riot
This riot was the result of high tensions. There was some beef between the working class and the wealthy business owners. Then some anarchists showed up and raised the tension even more then a bomb went off and 7 policemen died and 8 innocent Germans were arrested. This lead to a loss of all sympathy to workers and a fear of anarchy
234) Homestead Strike
This occurred in 1892 near Pittsburgh where strikers set fire to a river by dumping oil into it and attacked guards with guns and dynamite. It symbolized the decay of the union
235) Pullman Strike
Occurred when a depression hit an people could not afford housing due to their wages being cut by 1/3. As a result, strikers overturned Pullman cars, and paralyzed railway traffic from Chicago to Pacific Coast. Militia was called and ended up arresting them.
236) Closed shops
an arrangement whereby an employer agrees to hire—and retain in employment—only persons who are members in good standing of the trade union. Such an agreement is arranged according to the terms of a labour contract. - Britannica
237) Stalwarts and Half-Breeds
The half-breeds were led by James G Blaine, who favored reform and was against patronage. The Stalwarts were led by Roscoe Conkling and favored machine politics and supported patronage
238) Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883
created a system in which federal employees were chosen based upon competitive exams. This made job positions based on merit or ability and not inheritance or class. It also created the Civil Service Commission.
239) Mugwumps
political movement comprising Republicans who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884. They switched parties because they could not in good faith support the Republican candidate, James Blaine of Maine. After the election
240) Panic of 1893
Economic collapse due to the railroad companies over-extending themselves which then caused bank failures
241) National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry
An organization who’s goal was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers through social and educational means
242) Farmer’s Alliance
organization that united farmers at the statewide and regional level; policy goals of this organization included more readily available farm credits and federal regulation of the railroads.
243) Populists/People’s Party
designed to appeal to workers in all parts of the country. Populists favored a larger role of government in American Society, a progressive income tax, and more direct methods of democracy
244) Omaha Platform
Party program adopted by the Populist party July 1892
245) Cross of Gold speech
By William Jennings Brian who believed that Bimetallism would bring prosperity
246) Interstate Commerce Commission
Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools.
247) Sixteenth Amendment
allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census
248) Initiative, referendum, and recall
Initiative: people have the right to propose a new law. Referendum: a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto. Recall: the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office
249) Seventeenth Amendment
an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1913, providing for the election of two U.S. senators from each state by popular vote and for a term of six years
250) Sherman and Clayton Anti-Trust Acts
update Sherman Act’s list of bad trusts, unions exempt from definition of a trust, legalize strikes. Sherman’s Anti-Trust Act gave the government the power to identify bad trusts.
251) Children’s Bureau
This department mostly deals with the children of this age and how they will develop.
252) Upton Sinclair and The Jungle
A person who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago
253) Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York, causing the death of 146 garment workers who either died from the fire or jumped to their deaths. Reforms for the work day ended up after the event.
254) The Progressive Era
An era that took place at the turn of the 20th century until WWI directly caused by industrialization and urbanization
255) Muckrakers
The term that Theodore Roosevelt coined that referred to the writers of popular, in-depth, investigative stories about corruption in business and government as well as the horrible conditions of slums.
256) Ida B. Wells
African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores
257) W.E.B. Du Bois
Founder of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Leader of Niagara Movement
Where they demanded respect from white people.
258) Booker T. Washington
Tuskegee Institute: Trade school where one would learn to do their job. Writer of Atlanta Compromise speech where Washington called on blacks to prove themselves worthy of respect by making money.
259) Social Gospel
Taking church morality (Christian) and applying it to society . Believed that the most important thing was the Christian Charity
260) Jane Addams and Hul House
Jane Addams was the creator of the Hull House where which was essentially a child care center as well as being a place where women could go and feel safe and learn craft.
261) Women’s Christian Temperance Union
This group of people wanted to create a “sober and pure world” and was led by Frances Willard who expanded the scope of the Union’s goal.
262) Anti-Saloon League
The Anti-Saloon League focused their efforts in legislature rather then behavior. Its members were typically from South and Rural North; Protestant churches also supported the league.
263) Eighteenth Amendment
Passed in 1919 and made the creation of alcoholic beverages illegal.
264) National American Woman Suffrage
Association (NAWSA)
The main advocate for women’s suffrage, led by Susan B. Anthony and changed the right to vote for women from a state by state issue to a national amendment.
265) Alice Paul and the National Women’s Party
Headed by Alice Paul, campaigned for the Equal Rights amendment but it got little support from congress and other feminist groups
266) Nineteenth Amendment
Women are allowed to vote
267) Square Deal
The central philosophy of Teddy Roosevelt’s lawmaking it allowed for a stronger government that would be able to control corporations, protect the consumer, and conserve nature.
268) John Muir and the Sierra Club
John Muir was a Californian preservationist, president of the Sierra Club; opposed to businesses taking land for econ. gains; gets govt. to set aside 35 mil. acres for a natl. forest
269) Dollar Diplomacy
Term used to describe the efforts of the US to further its foreign policy through use of economic power by gaurenteeing loans to foreign countries
270) Progressive Party/Bull Moose Party
Followed the principles of Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal and built upon those ideas. It was the only party to publicly support women suffrage.
271) Moral Diplomacy
a form of Diplomacy proposed by US President Woodrow Wilson in his 1912 election. Moral Diplomacy is the system in which support is given only to countries whose moral beliefs are analogous to that of the nation.
272) Federal Reserve System
reformed banking system and created the federal reserve board which oversaw a nationwide system of 12 regional reserve districts each with its own central bank and had the power to issue paper money
273) Federal Trade Commission
Established to preserve competition by preventing unfair business practices and investigate complaints against companies.
