Key People Medicine

Question 1

Who was Galen ?
Medieval

Answer 1

Galen believed that the body contained four important liquids called the humours.
-phlegm
-blood
-yellow bile
-black bile

Question 2

Vesalius
Medieval

Answer 2

Dissected humans to understand how the body worked, taught ANATOMY by using his own dissections
Very influential, gave doctors knowledge of human anatomy

Question 3

Paré

Answer 3

Used less painful methods of treating wounds.
Used ligatures to tie off wounds after amputation instead of cauterising them
Developed artificial limbs
Understood how to test a theory

Question 4

Harvey

Answer 4

Blood flowed around the body in a circular motion and was pumped around by the heart
Harvey’s theory replaced Galens

Question 5

Edward Jenner

Answer 5

Inserted pus taken from a cowpox pustule and inserted it into an incision on the boys arm. The boy was immune to smallpox.
He called his technique vaccination

Question 6

Semmelweis

Answer 6

Disproved the belief that post operations deaths were caused by poison-air.

Question 7

Joseph Lister!

Answer 7

He developed antiseptic surgery by spraying medical instruments.
In just three years, he reduced the death rate among his patients from 46 to 15 percent.

Question 8

Louis Pasteur

Answer 8

Was convinced that vaccination could be used to prevent other diseases
In 1861 he published his GERM THEORY which proved that bacteria caused diseases.
He influenced Robert Koch

Question 9

Robert Koch

Answer 9

Late 1870s the German, Robert Koch began to apply Pasteurs ideas to human diseases.
He identified the bacteria which caused anthrax, TB and cholera. This confirmed John Snows theory of why cholera had spread in London in 1854.
Doctors began to study disease itself, rather than studying and treating symptoms.

Question 10

Paul Elrich

Answer 10

Paul Ehrilch, a student of Koch, produced the drug Slaverson 606 to treat syphilis.
This was the first of what came to be known as SILVER BULLET, drugs designed to target specific germs.

Question 11

J W Power

Answer 11

Dr J W Power suggested that courses in bacteriology should be organised for ministries of health.
By the end of the 19th century, Wales had undergone a major transformation.

Question 12

Thomas Rocyn Jones

Answer 12

He developed new types of splints to treat tendon injuries.
It was another 50 years before his ideas came into widespread use in the treatment of orthopaedic injuries.

Question 13

Hugh Owen Thomas

Answer 13

Hugh Owen Thomas - considered to be the father of modern orthopaedic surgery.
The THOMAS SPLINT was designed in 1875 to help heal fractures of the femur.

Question 14

Marie Curie

Answer 14

1898, she discovered two chemical elements- polonium and radium
Way of treating cancerous tumours
Crucial in the development of X-rays
Radiation is now one of the main treatments of cancer

Question 15

Alexander Fleming

Answer 15

Discovery of Penicillin- first effective antibiotic.
Alexander Fleming first realised the importance of penicillin in 1928.
During ww1, he noticed that antiseptics seemed unable to prevent infection.

Question 16

Florey and Chain

Answer 16

Two Oxford scientists, 1939 given extra government funding.
The problem was in producing enough penicillin.
By 1943, penicillin was being mass produced, as it still is today. 1945, it was estimated that the US army was giving two million doses per month.

Question 17

Christian Barnard

Answer 17

Christian Barnard performed the worlds first heart transplant.
One of the major problems was the risk of rejection of the transplant. Overcome by the development of drugs such as cyclosporine.
Heart transplants soon became routine operation.

Question 18

Florence nightingale

Answer 18

Pioneer in improving the standards of patient care
Crimean war- cleaned wards, clean clothes, clean bedding. Death rate went from 42 in 100 to 2 in 100.
Return to England in 1856 she campaigned for the reform of army medical services
Published notes on nursing.

Question 19

Betsi Cadwalader

Answer 19

1854 went to Crimea to help wounded soldiers
Disagreed with florance nightingale and left for a hospital in Balaclava.
Caught cholera and dysentery and left Crimea in 1854

Question 20

Edwin Chadwick

Answer 20

In 1839 he was asked to lead a royal commission into living conditions for working people.
In 1942, he published his report on sanitary conditions. His report shocked people but the government was not ready to act.

Question 21

Wilhelm Röntgen

Answer 21

Discovered X-Rays in 1895. Experimented with cathode rays, realised they could pass through flesh but not bone. Had a major impact on medicine especially during WW1

Question 22

Martin Evans

Answer 22

Work on stem cells. Took stem cells form mice and grew them in a laboratory, genetically altered them before putting them in the wombs of female mice, the offspring carried the altered gene and passed it on.
2007 Nobel prize, stem cells can replace damaged ones.