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Divine infection > Key Parasite, Fungi, Helminths > Flashcards

Key Parasite, Fungi, Helminths Flashcards

1
Q

Other Key organisms we must know — (C.A.P.S)

Other than bacteria or viruses

A
  • Candida albicans
  • Aspergillous
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Schistosomiasis
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2
Q

Structure of Candida albicans?

A

Fungi -> yeast

  • unicellular
  • gram positive
  • diploid
  • eukaryotic
  • asexual reproduction
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3
Q

Location of C.albicans?

A

Commensal

- skin, intestinal tract, colon, mouth, vagina

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4
Q

Mode of infection of Candida albicans?

A
  • When normal flora is depleted by antibiotics (not affected by antibiotics, so can proliferate without competition and cause infection)
  • Opportunistic infection = immunosuppressed patients
    > e.g. HIV +ve patients
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5
Q

Commonly linked conditions to Candida albicans?

A

Oral thrush
Vaginal thrush

Candidiasis = an AIDS-defining illness

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6
Q

Investigations of Candida albicans?

A
  • stool sample, swab from infected areas. Then:

> Agar culture
Microscopy

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7
Q

Treatment of Candida albicans?

A
  • immuno response = complement pathway
    > MBL pathway = Initiated when MBL binds to mannose containing residues of proteins found on many microbes.

—> Antimicrobial actions of this pathway = C5-C9: Killing of pathogens Membrane Attack complex

Specific treatments =
Antimicrobials = Nystatin, clotrimazole, IV fluconazole

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8
Q

Structure of Aspergillous?

A

Fungi -> mould

  • multicellular
  • asexual reproduction
  • spores & hyphae
  • eukaryotic
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9
Q

Location of Aspergillous?

A

Normal commensal of cavity of lung

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10
Q

Mode of infection for Aspergillous?

A

Opportunistic infection

  • Immunosuppressed host
  • moving to different part of body
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11
Q

Common conditions liked to Aspargillous?

A
  • Acute Pulmonary aspergillosis (Halo signs in HRCT scan of lungs)
  • Pulmonary aspergillosis = presenting complaint of Chronic Granulomatous Disease (in immunosuppressed patients)
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12
Q

Investigations of Aspergillous?

A
  • HRCT scan of lungs = see Halo signs

- culture

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13
Q

Treatment for Aspergillous?

A

Systemic fungal infection = IV Amophotericin B = inhibits cell membrane function.

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14
Q

Structure of plasmodium falciparum?

A
  • unicellular Protozoa parasite.
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15
Q

Transmission of P.falciparum?

A

Mosquito vector

(Other cause of malaria = plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae)

(Incubation period for P. falciparum = 6 days to 6 months)

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16
Q

Mode of infection of P. falciparum?

A 
1) Mosquito bite a human 
releasing sporozoites into 
the human which is 
transported in blood to 
liver cell (hepatocyte).

2)Merozites are form of the
parasite that is released
from human liver cell and
go on to infect human
blood cells.

3) In blood the 
merozite grow to a 
trophozite. These the 
mature to schizonts which 
divide several time to 
produce merozites. These 
new merozite can then 
differentiate to form 
gametocyte

4) eventually blood cells are lysed
And the parasites escape and infect more blood cells.

17
Q

Common conditions linked to P. falciparum?

A

Malaria

  • Hepatomegaly (infection of hepatocytes)
  • Splenomegaly = inc. splenic activity to remove damaged RBCs
  • Jaundice = (RBC destruction -> increased bilirubin
  • cerebral malaria
  • hypotension
  • hypoglycaemia
  • cardiac arrhythmias
18
Q

Symptoms of P. falciparum?

A

Symptoms

  • Headache
  • Fever
  • Fatigue
  • Pain
  • Chills
  • Sweating
  • Dry cough
  • Splenomegaly
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
19
Q

Investigations of P. falciparum?

A
  • travel history
  • 3 Blood smears to confirm malaria
  • FBC
  • Urea and electrolytes
  • Coagulation
  • Head CT if CNS symptoms
20
Q

Treatment of P. falciparum?

A
  • Quinine

- Doxycycline

21
Q

Structure of Schistosomiasis?

A
  • parasite
  • Helminth = multicellular, worms)
  • Fluke
  • incubation period = > 21 days
22
Q

Location of Schistosomiasis

A
  • fresh water
23
Q

Transmission of Schistosomiasis?

A
  • exposure to fresh water in an endemic area
24
Q

Mode of infection for Schistosomiasis

A
  • Originally Lives in a snail
  • Snail Goes into fresh water
  • Human exposed to infected water
  • worm enters body and reproduces within patient body. (Lays eggs)
25
Q

Common conditions linked to Schistosomiasis?

A
  • Acute schistosomiosis
  • Katayama fever
  • hepatomegaly
  • splenomegaly
  • Eosinophilia (high eosinophils count)
  • chronic infection = fibrosis of liver and bladder
  • presence of helminth eggs in stool & urine.
26
Q

Investigations of schistosomiasis?

A

FBC = analyse Eosinophils count

  • stool/urine sample analysis = presence of helminth eggs in stool and urine
27
Q

Treatment of Schistosomiasis?

A
  • Antiprotozoal agent = Praziquantel

- oral corticosteroids = for acute symptoms

Divine infection (6 decks)

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