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Early Modern Medicine > Key Lecture Summaries > Flashcards

Key Lecture Summaries Flashcards

1
Q

Pyramid model

A

Physician
Surgeon
Apothecaries
Irregular practitioners

People at the top fewer and more powerful than those below - distinction between learned and practical knowledge; a hierarchy build on book learning

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2
Q

Physicians

A
  • Regulated by the colleges
  • Trained in universities
  • Located in urban centres
  • Based on guild model
  • Worked to regulate # of physicians practicing
  • Had jurisdiction over everyone else practising medicine generally
  • Dispensed advice
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3
Q

Surgeon

A
  • Trained by apprenticeship
  • often literate
  • Techniques learnt on the job rather than through study
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4
Q

Agency in the medical counter

A

Use of the word patient suggests an isolated passive subject

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5
Q

Social networks

A

Ill persons as part of a network, with agency- suffers, not patients

Passive subject of illness, not the medical practitioner

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6
Q

More explicit range of medical practitioner =

A

more explicit agency of the patient

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7
Q

Objectives of patient centred hsitory

A
  • Recover the dynamics of healing

- Get an accurate representation of suffering/patient perspective/history of the body

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8
Q

Gendered Bodies

A

Natural body a construction
Women’s bodies different from men’s bodies as they followed a rhythm of periodic bleeding/birthing which made them fundamentally different to men

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9
Q

Fluid Bodies

A

Humoral body about flow, not balance- getting things out the system, not maintaining it

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10
Q

History of emotions is underpinned by

A

hydraulic model [Rosenwein]

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11
Q

Death rate in the black death

A

1/3-1/5 European population died

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12
Q

Historiography of the plague

A

pre 1970s: horror of disease and powerlessness of people

post 1980s: chart responses - prayer, avoidance, individual and civic response.

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13
Q

Weisser

A

Disease not discrete entities, but as continually shifting clusters of symptoms

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14
Q

Galen:

A

imbalanced state of the body prevents it from functioning.

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15
Q

Early modern economy

A

Capacious meaning: defined as the management or organisation of a system, be that commercial, domestic or spiritual- a way of organising behaviour.

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16
Q

Long 18th century as seeing a rise of

A

mdicl commodities and monetarisation of transaction.

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17
Q

Look not to the marketplace for explanation

A

but explain the marketplace itself

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18
Q

Einsenstein’s four functions of print

A

Dissemination, standardisation, reorganisation, preservation

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19
Q

Johns challenge to Einsenstein

A

Anti-standardisation- print culture gives people options, brings disillusion and confusion.

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20
Q

Problem of books as sources

A

we know what people read, but we don’t know what they though- reading an interpretive act.

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21
Q

Reformation

A

Images and texts as a source of anxiety- print as a problem

22
Q

Descartes challenge to Harvey’s experimentation

A

Have no principle- experiments can’t contradict theory: evidence of a flawed experiment, not a flawed theory.

23
Q

Sex as a cultural creation

A

Everything scientific is a social construct- biology of sex is included in this

24
Q

readers of Vesalius who go immediately to chapters on sex

A

estimated 30% -censorship

25
Q

Foreign bodies

A

relationship between body and state- concerns about meeting/mating and resulting diseased/corrupted bodies.

26
Q

Race as defined by

A

anatomy- an evoliving, fluid concept.

27
Q

Climate theory:

A

people moving around the world could ‘change race’ -> complicated by slavery and ease of travel, bodies became more fixe categories- race independent of climate.

28
Q

What caused the collapse of pre-columbian America

A

new diseases they don’t have immunity to

29
Q

Theory of race worried about

A

the degeneration of the body politic- anatomy and medicine tools of justification for racial categories.

30
Q

Spaces that could be medicalised

A
  • anatomy theatres
  • hospitals
  • cordon sanitaire
  • mortality tables
31
Q

Anatomy Theatres

A
  • EMP invention
  • Problematic dissection
  • Anatomy as moving from butchery to an elite public spectacle
  • Dissection = social rejection.
32
Q

Foucault on hospitals

A

disciplinary spaces where the state exercises power over non-conforming bodies- 1675-1724 France: confinement as state policy for those refusing to adapt to polite life.

33
Q

What are hospitals specifically designed for?

A

Air circulation.

34
Q

Cordon Sanitaire

A
  • roping off an area for health reasons
  • Disease as an administrative responsibility
  • Diseases which threatened the body politic- concerns for the health of the whole community
  • Body health key for state administration
  • medicine as part of the EM state development
35
Q

Drug advertising 1670-1680

A

6x increase [Hill Curth]

36
Q

Drugs and advertising

A
  • info about the remedy with no face to face encounter
  • Physicians and epistolary cures
  • Long distance treatment-absence of the body
  • Quality, effect, manner of use conveyed in print
  • Way of reaching new consumers
37
Q

Why doesn’t advertising fit well with Galenic models

A

Galenic- body as individual

Drug advertising- bodies as collective

At odds with the notion that you spend your life attending to health- instead buy a pill and get cured

38
Q

Types of printed advertisement

A 
Almanacs
Newspapers
Trade cards
Handbills
Broadsides
Posters
39
Q

Charlatans

A
  • Universally targeted by physicians and other licensed practitioners
  • Not a cohesive group with a collective identity
  • A derogatory term
  • Practiced medicine alone, not as a guilt
  • No formal training
  • Lacked theoretical underpinning to medical claims
40
Q

What did charlatans offer?

A

specifics (treated symptoms of one disease) or panaceas (treated all diseases)

41
Q

Successful remedies and counterfeits

A

Bateman’s scurvy grass- advertised 1680-1700 151 times- followed up by other scurvy grass products once established as successful

42
Q

Apothecaries

A
  • trained by apprenticeship

- regulated by guilds and physicians (could be inspected)

43
Q

Irregular medical practitioners

A
  • unregulated

- offered cures

44
Q

Midwives

A
  • regulated by ecclesiastical church courts
  • Don’t fall within the hierarachy of medical practice
  • Birth not a medical event unless it went wrong.
45
Q

Medical Marketplace model

A
  • Reduces medicine to an economic transaction
  • No room for women/remedies/charitable/lay healing
  • Monetises object of enquiry
  • Patient agency- allows us to see full range of medical activities
  • How occupation is defined
  • Driven by patient as consumer
46
Q

Centre-periphery model

A
  • Brockliss and Jones
  • trained medical practitioners centre, everyone else periphery
  • Model defined in terms of power relations, legitimate vs. illegitimate
  • Power dynamics between practitioners considered
47
Q

Medical pluralism model

A
  • healer and disease categories
  • venn diagram: medical, popular, ecclesiastical
  • Gentilcore- Naples - Catholic country
48
Q

Nutton ‘Seeds of Disease’

A

Galen had indeed written of the possibility of seeds of disease, a view which suggested a belief in the contagious nature of some diseases, in such tracts as On initial causes, On the different types of fever, and in his commentary on the first book of the Epidemics.

Galen’s ‘seeds’ were intended to explain why some people contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them within the body

Overshadowed by humoral theory

49
Q

Define early modern medicine

A

a diverse, pluralistic increasingly commercialized system, rather than a static hierarchy of care.

50
Q

Paul Slack printed medical books

A

‘played no major factor in the provision of medical knowledge and treatment’

Exploration of wider print culture dismisses book-centric conclusion.

Early Modern Medicine (5 decks)

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