Key Knowledge 8

Question 1

lymph node 

Answer 1

a small secondary lymphoid tissue found throughout the body where antigen-presenting cells activate the adaptive immune system

Question 2

clonal selection 

Answer 2

the process in which B and T cells encounter an antigen that matches their antigen-binding site, and then generate many copies of themselve

Question 3

afferent lymphatic vessel 

Answer 3

thin-walled structures that collect lymph from the tissues of the body and deliver it to lymph nodes

Question 4

efferent lymphatic vessels 

Answer 4

thin-walled structures that collect lymph that has drained through
lymph nodes, returning it back to circulation

Question 5

natural immunity 

Answer 5

protection against a disease formed without medical intervention

Question 6

artificial immunity 

Answer 6

protection against a disease formed as a result of medical intervention. Also known as induced immunity

Question 7

active immunity 

Answer 7

protection against a disease created by antibodies and memory cells formed by a person’s own adaptive immune system

Question 8

passive immunity 

Answer 8

protection against a disease created by antibodies from an external source natural

Question 9

natural active immunity 

Answer 9

protection against a disease created by antibodies and memory cells produced by an individual’s own immune system without medical intervention. Also known as naturally acquired active immunity

Question 10

natural passive immunity 

Answer 10

protection against a disease created by antibodies from an
external non-medical source. Also known as naturally acquired
passive immunity

Question 11

artificial active immunity

Answer 11

 
protection against a disease created by antibodies and memory cells produced by an individual’s own immune system after medical intervention. Also known as artificially acquired active immunity

Question 12

vaccine 

Answer 12

a medical treatment typically containing antigens designed to stimulate a person’s adaptive immune system to create immunity to a pathogen without actually causing disease

Question 13

primary immune response

Answer 13

the reaction of the adaptive immune system to an antigen it
has not previously been exposed to

Question 14

secondary immune response

Answer 14

the heightened reaction of the adaptive immune system to an
antigen it has previously been exposed to

Question 15

booster vaccine 

Answer 15

a vaccination given to a person later in time after they have completed their initial vaccination program to enhance their existing immunity against a disease. Also known as a booster shot

Question 16

artificial passive immunity 

Answer 16

protection against a disease created by antibodies from an external medical source. Also known as artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 17

antivenom 

Answer 17

a medical treatment containing antibodies specific to the toxins present in venomous bites or stings

Question 18

herd immunity 

Answer 18

protection against a disease conferred to non-immune individuals when a high percentage of a population is immune to the same disease. Herd immunity is often achieved through high rates of vaccination

Question 19

Primary lymphoid tissues

Answer 19

Responsible for the creation and maturation of lymphocytes.
The production of B and T lymphocytes occurs in the bone marrow.
-B lymphocytes remain in the bone marrow to mature further
-T lymphocytes travel to the thymus to mature.

Question 20

Secondary lymphoid tissues

Answer 20

are responsible for maintaining mature lymphocytes and initiating the adaptive immune response.

The main secondary lymphoid tissues include the lymph nodes (e.g. tonsils) and the spleen. In these tissues, mature lymphocytes are clustered together and ‘scan’ passing lymph for the presence of any pathogens or antigen-presenting cells. If a foreign antigen matches the receptors of specific lymphocytes, these lymphocytes then undergo clonal selection and differentiation.

This results in a large number of B and T cells being created within these tissues, resulting in the characteristic swelling of lymph nodes when you’re sick