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Physical Geography > Key Info > Flashcards

Key Info Flashcards

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1
Q

what fraction of earth do ice sheets expand to cover in glacial periods

A

ice sheets expand to cover 1/3 of land mass

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2
Q

what is the fall in sea level during a glacial period

A

120m

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3
Q

what is an example of improved agricultural practices

A
  • ‘polyculture’ planting trees near crops for cover
  • crop rotation
  • zero till farming
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4
Q

what is wetland restoration

A

restoring land mass such as marshes that store carbon

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5
Q

what has happened to wetlands in the US since 1600

A

the number of wetlands in the US have halved since 1600 due to urbanisation

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6
Q

what % of the sediment supply do rivers typically make up

A

70% of sediment

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7
Q

whats an example of soft rock and whats its erosion rate at Flamborough Head

A

oolite - 0.6 m/y
clay - 0.6 m/y
lias - 0.8 m/y

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8
Q

whats an example of hard rock and whats its erosion rate

A

chalk 0.1m/y

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9
Q

wheres an example of a shore platform

A

Robin Hoods Bay

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10
Q

wheres an example of a headland

A

Filey Brig

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11
Q

wheres an example of a stack

A

Green Stacks Pinnacle

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12
Q

what are the 5 management strategies for the carbon cycle

A
  • afforestation
  • wetland restoration
  • reducing emissions e.g. carbon trading and international agreements
  • improved agricultural practices
  • legislation
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13
Q

what are the short term changes in both the carbon and water cycle

A
  • diurnal
  • seasonal
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14
Q

what are the long term changes in both the carbon and water cycle

A
  • glacial - cold
  • interglacial periods - warm
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15
Q

what are the 3 management strategies for the water cycle

A
  • improving forestry techniques
  • allocation for domestic, industrial and agricultural use
  • drainage basin planning
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16
Q

what is the structure for answering a landform question

A
  • clearly describing (with possible diagram)
  • how it can be effected
  • how it can change over time
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17
Q

when was the last glacial period and how long did it last

A

15,000 years ago lasting 100,000 years

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18
Q

what is the current significant rise in sea level called

A

the Flandrian Transgression

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19
Q

what will a 1 degree rise in temperature lead to

A

2m rise in sea level

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20
Q

where is an example of a tombolo

A

in Dorset where the Isle of Portland is connected to the mainland by Chesil Beach

21
Q

what are the two ways a tombolo can be formed

A
  • long shore drift
  • thermal expansion
22
Q

why might surface run off be higher

A
  • saturated over flow (when soil below ground becomes saturated)
  • overland flow / infiltration rates (when soil on top of ground becomes saturated by rainfall)
23
Q

how big is the Sogne Fjord in Norway

A

over 1000m

24
Q

what is Vant Hoffs Law

A

that increased temperature increases reaction

25
Q

what is dynamic equilibrium

A

that over time inputs = outputs but in the short term there may be imbalances due to feedbacks

26
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

when water breaks down compounds

27
Q

what impact does tectonic movement have on geology

A

determines the dip of bedding plane

28
Q

what is latent heat

A

heat that turns water into vapour

29
Q

how long do glacial periods and inter glacial periods last

A

glacial = 100,000 years
interglacial = 10,000 years

30
Q

how is sediment moved

A

traction - large sediment along sea floor
suspension - small particles carried in moving water

31
Q

how does a salt marsh form

A
  1. pioneer species develop
  2. soil develops - lower salinity -> current slows - > more deposition ->
    organic matter produced -> biodiversity and plant cover increases
  3. mud level rises -> land rises above sea level
32
Q

what are the total carbon emissions from fossil fuels per year

A

37 bn tonnes in 2022

33
Q

what are the physical factors in both the Amazon Rainforest and Arctic Tundra that influence the water cycle

A
  • temperature
  • permeability
  • porosity
  • relief
34
Q

what are the physical factors in both the Amazon Rainforest and Arctic Tundra that influence the carbon cycle

A
  • temperature
  • vegetation
  • organic matter in the soil
  • mineral compositions of rocks
35
Q

what are the distinctive features of a beach

A
  • runnels (backwash)
  • berms (ridge of sediment from high tide)
  • storm beaches (excess sediment pushed up to back of beach)
  • cusps (headlands + bays)
36
Q

Short term carbon cycle

A
  • Happens years/decades
  • Moves more than 1000x the slow cycle
  • Through living things
37
Q

Long term carbon cycle

A
  • rocks dissolve in water/ phytoplankton die—> co2 goes to ocean floors eventually tectonic movement/ volcanic activity releases the co2 into atmosphere
  • happens 10-100 million years
  • Moves 100-200 million tonnes of carbon
38
Q

Inorganic vs organic carbon

A

Inorganic = oxidised
- carbon dioxide
- carbonates
- hydrogen carbonates

Organic —>
- living or dead organisms
- fossil fuels
- rock deposits
- dissolved in water
- Dispersed in atmosphere

There is a continuous 2 way flow between the two

39
Q

links between water and carbon cycle

A
  • oceans
  • atmosphere
  • cryosphere
  • vegetation
40
Q

how is a tombolo formed through flows of energy

A
  • formed through sea level rise / drift aligned features
  • wind = power and direction of waves = conditions suitable for deposition
  • wave refraction around an offshore island = wave energy shadow = ^ deposition on landward side
  • energy absorbed by winds = longshore drift = movement of sediment by waves
  • spit stars to form growing seaward until it joins in the middle
  • resulting beaches may be covered in high tide eg. scilly isles
  • chesil beach - flandrian transgression, developed as a barrier island that was moved onshore during SLR allowing waves to move material onshore
41
Q

geomorphic processes

A
  • wave erosion
  • mechanical weathering eg. freeze thaw
  • biological weathering- vegetation releases humic acid
  • mass movement

due to physical stresses and chemical actions on materials present on earth

42
Q

Flows of energy

A
  • kinetic = wave/wind etc
  • thermal = thermal expansion (eustatic rise), solar
  • gravitational = backwash/mass movement etc
43
Q

Flows of material

A
  • constructive/deconstructive waves
  • mass movement
  • LSD
  • ocean currents
  • flocculation + rivers
44
Q

processes

A
  • throughputs, transfers, flows
  • LSD
  • weathering
  • erosion
  • mass movement
45
Q

stores

A
  • cliffs
  • beaches
  • dunes
  • oceans
  • off shore bars
  • salt marshes
46
Q

What is a negative heat balance

A

Where the temperature of a place is lower than the surrounding temperature of the surroundings

47
Q

What is the RT of stores for co2

A

Residency time = the amount of time co2 is stored in a place

  • atmosphere = 6 years
  • vegetation =18 years
  • surface of oceans = 25 years
  • deep ocean = 1250 years
  • sedimentary = 250 million years
48
Q

How do we monitor the water and carbon cycles

A
  • Satellite- nasa
  • microwave energy + comparison of time series photos to show changes = sea ice
  • lasers – shows extent and volume of ice and changes = ice caps/glaciers
  • radiometers measure band of radiation – shows areas of upwelling and downwelling + changes = SST
  • measuring cloud liquid water + total precipitable water = Water Vapour
  • measuring reflectivity of surface + land use changes = Deforestation
  • orbiting carbon observatory -2 (OCO-2) + measuring effectiveness of absorption by plants = Atmospheric co2
  • measuring the net primary production in oceans and on land = Primary production in oceans

Physical Geography (11 decks)

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