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1. History, Germany, AW1 > Key Details C12-16 > Flashcards

Key Details C12-16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Significance of the Stahlhelm

A
  • para military, initially independent from Nazis
  • by 1930 500,000 members
  • April 1933 incorporated into SS
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2
Q

Herman Goering’s key roles

A
  • Interior minister of Prussia 1933
  • Reich Aviation Minister 1933, rebuild of Luftwaffe
  • Established Gestapo and First Concentration camps
  • 1936 in charge of 4 Year Plan
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3
Q

Hitler’s limitations of power in first cabinet

A
  • Papen present for all meetings with Hitler and Hindenburg

- Old Aristocratic elite responsible for decisions

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4
Q

Significance of 30th Jan 1933

A
  • 100,000 people at Berlin Torchlight procession

- Hitler appointed as chancellor

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5
Q

7 Examples of early violence against Political opposition

A
  • SA grew 500k to 3mil Jan 1933 to 1934
  • SA and Stahlhelm ‘Auxilary Police’ which Normal police could not stop
  • Broke up SPD and KPD meetings
  • 5th Feb 1933, a Young Nazi shot a Mayor in Prussian Town
  • SPD + Centre Party newspaper banned
  • Dachau Concentration Camp for 5k people
  • July 1933, around 27,000 political prisoners arrested by SA
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6
Q

Importance of Reichstag Fire 27th Feb 1933

A
  • Dutch Communist arrested, they were used as scapegoats

- Led to legal means of crushing civil liberties

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7
Q

Decree for protection of people and the state

A
  • Emergency decree to suspend civil liberties
  • Increase police powers
  • Censorship
  • Central Gov over Local Gov
  • Police arrested 10k communists
  • Civil servants, Judges, Police against communists
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8
Q

Importance of March 1933 election

A
  • SA controlled street with terror and intimidation, the left had no meetings or could campaign
  • 43.9% Nazi vote, largest party with DNVP allies
  • Still 64% non Nazis vote, support was not as extensive as believed
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9
Q

Enabling Act 24 March 1933

A
  • Meant Hitler could rule without needing a Reichstag majority and Hindenburg’s approval
  • it was passed as opposition from left weakened and promised Centre Party would not abuse powers without consulting Hindenburg
  • Final part of legal framework that legitimised dictatorship
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10
Q

Examples of Hitler maintaining support from independent organisation

A
  • Hitler met with Army officials to show aims of rearmament
  • Industrialists gave 3mil to Nazi political campaign
  • Capitalist elites + Business key for a Hitler
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11
Q

How the Nazis outlawed parties

A
  • KPD banned after fire
  • SPD outlawed 22nd June 1933, for being ‘hostile to the nation’
  • DNVP and Centre Party new position of power were over
  • Law against formation of parties 14th July 1933
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12
Q

12th Nov 1933 election result

A

92 % to Nazis

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13
Q

Key Laws Passed for political purposes

A
  • 1st Law coordinations of federal States (March 1933) Nazi assemblies replaced state assemblies
  • 2nd Law coordination of federal stat3s (April 1933) local gov follow Nazi policies
  • Law for reconstruction of the Reich (Jan 1934) State assemblies abolished
  • Reichstrat abolished (Feb 1934)
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14
Q

How Nazi control of local gov was chaotic

A
  • Reich governors rivalry + tension

- Relationship between party + local not defined

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15
Q

How Nazis controlled the Civil Service

A
  • Saw as an obstacle as Civil Service wanted to continue its role but Nazis wanted dictatorial powers
  • Local officials forced to resign
  • SA placed party officials in governmental offices to make sure Civil Service were participating to the Reich
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16
Q

SA pre June 1934

A
  • Legal power
  • Uncontrollable violence, wanted ‘second revolution’ rather than Hitler’s ‘political revolution’
  • Ernest Rohm had a lot of power, potential opponent of Hitler
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17
Q

Reasons Nazis would support SA

A
  • At Putsch 1923
  • SA loyal to Hitler
  • Propaganda + intimidation
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18
Q

Reasons to Purge the SA

A
  • Needed maintain conservative support
  • Not a pro army, wanted merge with army but army maintained independent
  • Army meant support by business men
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19
Q

Key details from Night of the Long Knives June 1934

A
  • 84 key figures executed
  • 1000 arrested
  • deaths of Rohm, Schliecher
  • Papen in house arrest
  • Conservative leaders targeted
  • gained support from army + public support ‘decisive actions’
  • violence systematic
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20
Q

Decline of SA

A
  • 1935 declined to 1.6mil

- No political authority

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21
Q

Importance of Hindenburg’s death

A
  • Hitler take control, combined Chancellor + president
  • Army swore oath to Hitler
  • Plebicite vote for Fuhrerprincip, 89.9% voted ‘yes’
  • 4.5mil still voted ‘no’
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22
Q

Early signs of Jewish persecution under Nazis 1933

A
  • April Boycott of Jewish shops, but limited by Hindenburg

- May Burning of 20,000 Jewish books and propaganda against Jewish intellectuals, occurred in 19 university towns

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23
Q

Key event in October 1933

A
  • allies prevent rearmament

- Hitler withdraws from League of Nations talks

24
Q

Different parts of police system which caused tension

A

Himmler Reichfuhrer of SS

  • SS, rain concentration camps, took over Gestapo in 1936
  • Orpo Police (order)

Under Heydrich

  • Sipo Police (Security) which involves Kripo for criminal and Gestapo, small number of pro agents but reliant on myth of everyone being involved + many informants
  • SD which was internal security service to monitor public opinion with foreign and domestic intelligence
25
Q

Stats for people in Gestapo

A
  • initially around 160k

- decreased 20k in 1939

26
Q

How courts + legal system favoured the Nazis

A
  • judges swore oath to Hitler
  • Front of German Law April 1933 (legal professions became reliant on Hitler)
  • Nazi special courts 1933
  • People’s court 1934 no juries, Nazi judges
27
Q

Resistance by SPD + limitations

A
  • Campaigned for March 1933 elections but suffered SA violence
  • Vote against Enabling Act
  • end of 1933 thousands of activists were dead or rounded up
  • Ernest Schumacher organised Party in Prague links to Berlin but overall fear of Gestapo overrides success
28
Q

Resistance by KPD + limitations

A
  • 1933 10% killed
  • Revolutionary Unions in Berlin and Hamburg but Broke up by Gestapo
  • Factory cells
  • more about survival rather than open resistance
29
Q

Resistance by workers + limitations

A
  • trade unions and links to left stopped, absorbed into German Labour Front
  • 1935, 37 strikes in areas such as Rhineland
  • 1935 to 6 increase strikes due to food prices, 4000 out of 25000 imprisoned
  • 1937, 250 strikes recorded
  • 1938 new labour regulations which penalised ‘slackers’
  • 1938-1939 ‘sabotaging’ machines made criminal offence
30
Q

Resistance by Protestant Church + limitations

A
  • 1933 Pastors emergency league
  • 1934 Confessional Church under Martin Niemoller, was anti-Semitic but believed Jews should be able to change to a Christianity
  • 1933 introduction of ‘Aryan Paragraph’ looked to remove pastors who had converted
  • end of 1937, 700 pastors imprisoned
31
Q

Resistance by Catholic Church + limitations

A
  • had more Independance
  • Concordat 1933, granted privileges
  • 1937 Papal Encylical condemned Nazis and this document was secretly shared in Churches by March
  • overall resistance limited
32
Q

Resistance by Young people + limitations

A
  • Decrease in Hitler Youth attendance as was a big commitment
  • Hitler youth membership made compulsory in 1939
  • Youth cliques
  • Meuten Gangs in Leipzig late 1930s
33
Q

Resistance by Elites + limitations

A
  • some aristocratic generals + senior civil servants saw Hitler as threat to old Germany
  • however Army and Civil Service had loyalty to whoever was in charge
  • Nov 1937 Hitler set out aims of union with Austria + Czechoslovakia, Defence Minister Blomberg + Commander-in-chief Fritsch expressed doubts but they were purged in 3 months
  • plot to overthrow but Britain and France appeased Hitler instead taking over Sudetenland + Czechoslovakia peacefully
34
Q

Newspaper propaganda

A
  • Jan 1933, 4700 privately owned newspapers, Nazi limited circulation
  • end of 1933 Nazi had 27 newspapers, 2.4mil circulation per day
  • it was all state controlled, so became bland and circulation decreased
35
Q

Radio propaganda

A
  • 1933 Hitler made 50 speeches, loudspeakers in town squares and factories
  • 1939, 70% houses owned a radio
  • 13% staff dismissed on political/ Racial grounds by Goebbels
  • 1934 Reich Radio Company
36
Q

Film propaganda

A
  • Goebbels responsible for approving every film in 1933
  • from 1933 1000 feature films produced, attendance increased 4 fold
  • only 14% had overly ‘political theme’
  • promoted escapism (getting away from struggle of daily life)
37
Q

Parade and spectacles propaganda

A
  • household expected to put up Swastika flags
  • ‘block leaders’ kept people in check, face consequences for failure to conform eg. Sacked from job
  • Annual Party rallies in Nuremberg, 1937 rally involved 100,000 people
38
Q

Hitler Myth v Reality

A
  • Hard working, tough
  • political genius for getting Germany out of it’s struggle in 1933
  • lived simple life, sacrificing personal happiness
  • Hitler surrounded by competing officials, interpreted his wishes
  • far from hard working, reluctant to read official documents and rarely involved in detailed policy discussion
39
Q

Why the Hitler myth was important for the regime

A
  • Goebbels 1941 claimed it as ‘greatest achievement’

- End of 1934 Hitler was the national symbol, hiding its failings

40
Q

Key Changes in policy to recover the economy

A
  • money for houses
  • 4000km of Autobahns
  • Tax concessions + grants
  • Subsides to firms, increase workers
  • controlled wages
  • Mefo Bills
41
Q

Battle for work

A
  • 1933 6 mil unemployed, 1936 under 2 million
  • 1935 Reich Labour Service, unemployed men 6 months of farming or construction
  • 1935 military conscription for young men
42
Q

‘New Plan’ 1934

A
  • imports growing faster than exports, shortage of foreign currency needed to purchase goods
  • controls on imports
  • Trade agreements with Balkans and South America
43
Q

Mefo Bills

A
  • key for rearmament as payed for arms without actual money
  • keep it off governmental records
  • after 5 years is up, economy has grown enough to cover 4% interests
44
Q

4 Year Plan- Goering

A
  • Managed economy, controls of labour, prices, raw materials
  • production targets for priv companies
  • Herman Goering Steelworks, bypass sceptical Ruhr iron and steel firms worried about production of poor quality and expensive iron ore
  • I.G Farben, production of synthetic materials, 1935-1939 profits increased from 71mil to 240mil
45
Q

Key Features of economic autarky + failures

A
  • propaganda campaigns to buy German own goods and eat German food
  • 1937 collections of scrap metal campaign
  • but 1939 Germany still imported 1/3 of it’s goods
46
Q

Living standards

A
  • employees offered benefits and bonus’ to get around frozen wages
  • People worked for long hours, higher prices
  • food shortages on eggs, meat, wheat and rye
  • Overall, discontent limited as propaganda and use of terror overshadowed key problems
47
Q

How Hitler was economically helped at the start of his reign

A
  • Economy had troughs Nov 1932, on way up
  • Schleicher + Papen job creation schemes
  • 1931 Hoover Moratirum, 1 year stop of reparations payments
  • 1932 Lausanne Conference, France Britain Germany agree extension on reparations
48
Q

Volksgemeinshaft v Gleichschaltung

A
  • national unified by blood race and ideology
  • no opposition
  • comrade fit and loyal
  • ‘bringing into line’
  • standardisation of Political, economy and social institution
49
Q

Policies for schools

A

Teacher

  • 1933 establishment of Civil Service sacked political unreliable teachers
  • National Socialist Teachers League
  • Ministry of Education

Curriculum

  • Focus on racial health and eduction
  • Biology, Quasi scientist ideas of ‘survival of the fittest’
50
Q

Policies universities

A
  • restricted access due to focus on labour and military
  • 1.5% Jew, 10% women
  • 15% uni staff dismissed 1933
  • Students join ‘German Students League’ but 25% did not
51
Q

Figures about Hitler Youth

A

Jan 1933 60k

1935 4 million

52
Q

League of German Girls

A
  • Preparation for Motherhood

- 1934 Years work on land or domestic service

53
Q

Policies towards women

A
  • marriage loans if left job and married Aryan man
  • medals for large families
  • 1.7mil women had attended Reich Mothers Service by 1939
  • German’s Women’s League, 6 mil members 1939
54
Q

Policies towards workers

A
  • creation of German Labour Front 1933 under Robert Ley
  • banned trade unions
  • built banks and construction companies
  • 1939, 44500 paid employs of Labour Front
  • own propaganda department
55
Q

Strength through Joy campaign (KDF)

A
  • indoctrinate during Leisure time
  • 1936, 35million members
  • Promoted mass tourism
  • attempts to break down class divisions
  • however generally for mittlestand or higher, on one cruise to Norway only 10% from Working Class
56
Q

Success and failures of policies towards Churches

A

Success

  • Reich Church, Ludwig Muller
  • Aryan Paragraph could find enemies of state
  • Pastors changed to support Nazis
  • German Christian pressure group of 600,000 supported
  • weakened Catholic Church, 1939 campaign to close Church Schools

Failures

  • 5% of people listed as ‘God Believers’
  • Nazi Party members could not come into Church leadership
  • SS could not wear uniform at services
  • Pastor’s emergency league of 5000 pastors
  • Confessional Church

1. History, Germany, AW1 (6 decks)

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