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Democracy and Nazism > KEY DATES > Flashcards

KEY DATES Flashcards

1
Q

When was food rationing introduced?

A

August 1939: before the war had began.

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2
Q

When was clothing rationing introduced?

A

November 1939

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3
Q

Why were food rations reduced in 1942?

A

After invasion of Soviet Union in June 1941, imports of food were stopped from there.

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4
Q

When did food rations become precarious?

A

Autumn 1944.

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5
Q

When did supply & distribution of food collapse & Germans faced prospect of starvation?

A

Spring 1945.

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6
Q

What happened in the “Blitzkreig” part of the war (Sept 1939 - June 1941)?

A

Invasion of Poland (1939), quickly followed by invasions of Belgium, Norway, France etc, all defeated quickly.

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7
Q

What happened during the “Spreading of War” (June 1941 - Dec 1941)?

A

June 1941: Germany invaded USSR & was occupying territory
Dec 1941: Red Army halted Germany’s advance.
Dec 1941: Germany declared war on USA, after it’s ally (Japan) attacked Pearl Harbour.

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8
Q

What happened during the “Turning of the Tide” part of the war (Jan 1942 - Jan 1943)?

A

British stopped German & Italian advances in North Africa.
Defeat of entire German army at Stalingrad (Jan 1943) was big turning point in war.

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9
Q

What happened during the “Total War” & defeat of Germany (Feb 1943 - May 1945) part of the war?

A

British & American bombing of German cities brought destruction & loss of civilian lives.
D-Day landings in France (June 1944) opened up a 2nd front in Western Europe.
Berlin captured by Soviet forces (April 1945).
Germany surrenders 8th May.

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10
Q

What did Hitler do to workers at the start of the war (Sept 1939)?

A

Hitler imposed wage reductions & banned bonuses - caused discontent & more absenteeism.

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11
Q

Impact of War on Workers? END

A

Aug 1944: Total ban of holidays, working week increased to 60 hours, working conditions getting worse and worse.

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12
Q

Impact of War on women? START

A

May 1939: made up 37.4% of industrial labour force.
Hitler believed that they should focus on childbearing and care.
But didn’t have children and expected to work.

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13
Q

Impact of War on women?
END

A

Jan 1943: decreed all woman 17-45 should work
1945: situation so grave women made up 60% of labour force.

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14
Q

Impact of War on youth? START

A

1939: membership to Hitler Youth compulsory - trained to be soldiers.

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15
Q

Impact of War on youth? END

A

1942: 600 000 boys & 1.4mil girls organised to help gather harvests.
1943: conscription age = 17
1945: conscription age = 16 - lots of pressure put on youth to join war.

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16
Q

By summer of 1931 what had happened to German banking system?

A

In crisis, following collapse of Austrian bank. Banks temporarily closed & brought under gov control. Issues NOT resolved.

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17
Q

What happened to industrial production during 1929-1932?

A

Fell by 58% of its 1928 level.

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18
Q

By how much did Germany’s export trade decline by after the 1929 Great Depression?

A

61%.

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19
Q

By 1932 approx how many German workers were registered as unemployed?

A

1/3.

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20
Q

How many people do estimates of 1933 suggest were unemployed?

A

8mil.

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21
Q

What did a new law for married female civil servants in May 1932 mean?

A

Allowed for them to be dismissed.

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22
Q

POLITICAL Impact of the 1929 Depression: March 1930

A

*Grand Coalition collapsed (over reducing unemployment benefits)
*Hburg appointed Brüning as Chancellor - DIDN’T have support form SPD so had to rely on Article48
*Brüning imposed cuts in employment & government worker’s wages & raised tax - “Hunger Chancellor”.

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23
Q

POLITICAL Impact of the 1929 Depression: September 1930

A

*Reichstag elections - Nazis made breakthrough, 2nd largest party.
*KPD gained lots of votes from SPD.
*Violence increased at street level, especially between Nazi Stormtroopers & Communist Red-Front Fighters’ League.

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24
Q

POLITICAL Impact of the 1929 Depression: April 1932

A

*Brüning banned SA to try reduce street violence. Ban = ineffective, SA continued to grow. Ban lost Brüning support from Schleicher, who thought this would cause a Nazi Uprising.

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25
Q

POLITICAL Impact of the 1929 Depression: May 1932

A

*Brüning’s gov collapsed & forced to resign (due to street violence & impact of depression).
*Hburg appointed Franz von Papen: gov was a “cabinet of barons”, mostly businessmen & army officers. Only support came from DNVP, so ruled by Article48. Gov FAILED to resolve political crisis.

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26
Q

POLITICAL Impact of the 1929 Depression: June 1932

A

*Papen lifted the ban on SA - provoked a new wave of street violence.

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27
Q

POLITICAL Impact of the 1929 Depression: July 1932

A

*Using street violence as a pretext, Papen announced a state of emergency in Prussia & dismissed it’s SPD-led state government, making himself the Reich Commissioner in charge of Prussia - destroyed democratic government in Germany’s largest state.
*Reichstag elections: Nazis became biggest party - 37.3% of the vote.

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28
Q

POLITICAL Impact of the 1929 Depression: December 1932

A

*Papen forced to resign as Chancellor, Schleicher appointed.

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29
Q

When was the Ebert-Groener Pact?

A

10th November 1918

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30
Q

When did Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicate?

A

Autumn 1918

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31
Q

When was the Spartacist Uprising?

A

January 1919

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32
Q

When was the peace treaty signed at the Palace of Versailles?

A

28th June 1919

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33
Q

When was the hyperinflation crisis?

A

1923

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34
Q

Winners of 1923 hyperinflation crisis?

A

Farmers - food in high demand
Businessmen - e.g. Hugo Stinnes (raised bank loans to by forests to supply his mines with lumber, bought then repaid when money dropped).

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35
Q

Losers of 1923 hyperinflation crisis?

A

Pensioners, war widows - relied on state
Mittlestand - had big savings

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36
Q

How long was the working day limited to in 1919?

A

8 hours

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37
Q

How much was a loaf of bread during 1923 hyperinflation crisis?

A

1kg of bread cost 4mil Marks

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38
Q

When was the Kapp Putsch?

A

1920

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39
Q

What happened during 1920 Kapp Putsch?

A

Aim = overthrow Weimar & establish new autocratic gov.
Tov required gov to disband 2 Freikorps units. Von Lüttwitz refused to disband 1, so gov ordered his arrest. Lüttwitz marched his c5000 troops to Berlin. Had support from army officers & RW politician Wolfgang Kapp. Ebert refused to use army to fight former soldiers. SPD exposed as fragile & weak. Strike spread to other parts of country - 1 turned into armed revolt. Lack of support. Ebert returned to power in Berlin after 4 days. Lüttwitz & Kapp fled.

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40
Q

When was the Munich Putsch?

A

8th November 1923.

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41
Q

What happened during the 1923 Munich Putsch?

A

Hitler & 2000 Stormtroppers (SA) took over Munich Beer hall, where a RW political meeting was taking place. Forced state commissioner (von Kahr) & local army commander (von Lossow) to agree to a march on Berlin. Putsch failed: H failed to get support from police & von Lossow switched sided. H arrested & put in prison for 9 months.

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42
Q

Terms of ToV: Territorial Losses

A

Removed over 70 000 km2 of territory, e.g. Alsace Lorraine returned to France, West Prussia to Poland. Lost 75% or iron ore & 15% of arable land.

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43
Q

Terms of ToV: Disarmament of Germany

A

Conscription of army forbidden, army limit = 100 000 men. Navy limit = 15 000 men, 6 battleships, no submarines. Air force = forbidden.

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44
Q

Terms of ToV: War Guilt Clause

A

Under Article 231 - Germany had to accept responsibility of war & liable to pay £6.6bil in reparations.
Austria = forbidden to unite with Germany.
Germany = forbidden to join League of Nations

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45
Q

What did Germans refer to the ToV as?

A

“Diktat” - dictated peace

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46
Q

How many people did RW groups assassinate in 1919 - 1923?

A

354

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47
Q

How many people did LW groups assassinate in 1919 - 1923?

A

22

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48
Q

When was the “Golden Age” of Germany?

A

1924 - 1928

49
Q

Actions “Super Stresemann’s” “great coalition” government took in 1923 to improve things ?

A

1) Ended passive resistance of Ruhr in Sept 1923. Reduced gov spending on payments to workers on strike.
2) Introduction of Rentenmark (Nov 1923) rentenmark = 1 trillion old marks.
3) Gov kept tight control of amount of money in circulation - to stop inflation getting out of hand again.
4) Cut gov spending & raised taxes to reduce gov debt.
*Gave people confidence in new currency - businesses grew in confidence.

50
Q

When did “Super Stressemann” end passive resistance of the Ruhr?

A

September 1923

51
Q

When did “Super Stressemann” introduce the Rentenmark?

A

November 1923.

52
Q

In November 1923 how much was a mark to a rentenmark?

A

1 rentenmark - 1 trillion old marks.

53
Q

When was the Dawes Plan?

A

April 1924

54
Q

What happened under the 1924 Dawes Plan?

A

*Reparations stayed the same, but annual payments were reduced 1924-1929.
*Loan of 800 million marks from USA would fund investment into German economy & help stimulate economic growth, so could pay reparations.
*Allies took control of Germany’s banks & railways
*Led to withdrawal of Franco-Belgian troops in Ruhr (1924-25).

55
Q

What did “Super Stresemann” call the 1924 Dawes Plan in private?

A

“No more than an economic armistice” , but saw no choice but to accept it.

56
Q

Extent of economic recovery in “Golden Years” (1924 - 1928)?

A

+ extensive foreign investment in industry
+ inflation was low & currency was stable
+ wages for industrial workers increased
- unemployement was a perennial problem, by 1926 3mil were out of work
- reliance on foreign loans made Germany vulnerable to shifts in worldwide economic climate.

57
Q

When was the Young Plan?

A

1929

58
Q

What did the 1929 Young Plan do?

A

*Reduce reparations from £6.6bil to £1.8bil
*Increased annual payments
*Repayment period set to 59years
*Allied control over banks & railways relinquished & allied occupation forces in Rhineland were to withdraw by June 1930.

59
Q

When does Müller’s coalition gov collapsed & who replaces him?

A

March 1930 - replaced by Brüning who rules by presidential decree.

60
Q

When do the NSDAP become the largest party in the Reichstag?

A

July 1932.

61
Q

When does Hindenburg appoint Hitler as Chancellor?

A

January 1933

62
Q

When is the Reichstag Fire, which leads to the Decree for the Protection of the People and the State?

A

February 1933.

63
Q

When is the Enabling Act enforced, which gives Hitler dictatorial power?

A

March 1933.

64
Q

When are the Trade Unions banned & replaced with the German Labour Front?

A

May 1933.

65
Q

When are all non-Nazi parties banned or voluntarily disbanded?

A

July 1933.

66
Q

When do the Nazi regime & the Catholic Church sign a concordat?

A

July 1933.

67
Q

When were the SA purged in the Night of the Long Knives?

A

June 1934.

68
Q

When does Hindenburg die & Hitler merge the offices of Chancellor & President to become the Führer?

A

2nd August 1934.

69
Q

When are the olympic games held in Germany?

A

September 1936.

70
Q

When is the 4 year plan introduced by Goering?

A

September 1936.

71
Q

When is the Austrian Anschluss?

A

March 1938.

72
Q

When was Jewish property & synagogues attacked on Reichkristallnacht?

A

November 1938.

73
Q

Wen did rationing of foodstuffs begin?

A

August 1939.

74
Q

When was the Decree for the Protection of the People & the State created?

A

28th February 1933

75
Q

How much did the Nazi have of the 5th March 1933 election?

A

won by 43.9%

76
Q

When did the Nazis win by 43.9% of the vote?

A

5th March 1933

77
Q

When was the Enabling Act passed?

A

24th March 1933

78
Q

When was the first concentration camp established?

A

8th March 1933

79
Q

What was the 1933 Enabling Act?

A

Allowed Hitler to pass laws without the Reichstag’s consent.

80
Q

How many people died in the night of the Long Knives?

A

c84 (including Röhm leader of SA) , 1000 arrested

81
Q

When was the Night of the Long Knives?

A

30th June 1934

82
Q

What did Hitler announce on the 13th July 1934?

A

Confessed to his crimes of the Night of the Long Knives, but claimed he was acting a “supreme judge” for German people & had been compelled to act in order to save the country from the SA coup. Gained H support of the army.

83
Q

When did the army swear an oath of allegiance to Hitler?

A

2nd August 1934 - same day as Hindenburg’s death.

84
Q

When was the People’s Court set up by Hitler?

A

1934

85
Q

What was the 1934 People’s Court set up by Hitler?

A

Dealt with political crimes, had 3 Nazi “judges”. No juries. No right for defendant to appeal against sentence.

86
Q

In January 1933 how many privately owned newspaper were there?

A

4700 - Nazis had limited circulation

87
Q

By the end of 1933 how many newspapers did the Nazis have?

A

27 daily newspapers combined with 2.4mil circulation a day.

88
Q

In 1933 how many speeches did Hitler make on the radio?

A

Over 50.

89
Q

How would people know Hitler was doing a speech?

A

Sirens would sound to signal the start.

90
Q

How many households possessed a radio by 1939?

A

70% - highest proportion in the world

91
Q

Who promoted the mass production & sale of cheap radio sets?

A

Goebbels

92
Q

In 1934 what was the radio brought under control of?

A

Reich Radio Group, controlled by the Propaganda ministry.

93
Q

Who used cinema/films as subliminal messaging?

A

Goebbels

94
Q

What did all films have?

A

Some degree of a political message - always glorified leadership

95
Q

By how much did cinema attendees increase by in 1933 - 1945?

A

4x

96
Q

What were households expected to display outside of their windows?

A

Swastika - if they didn’t = serious consequences.

97
Q

What did Goebbels “stage manage” but people thought was “proof” of people being behind the Nazis?

A

Flag waving & ritual parades.

98
Q

When was the Nuremberg Party?

A

1937

99
Q

How many people attended the 1937 Nuremberg Party?

A

100 000

100
Q

On the 6th May 1933 students & stormtroopers burnt what?

A

20 000 books

101
Q

When did students & stormtroopers burn 20 000 books?

A

6th May 1933

102
Q

On the 10th May 1933 what did 19 other universities do?

A

Burn books “Un-German” or wrote by Jews/Marxists.

103
Q

Who and when wrote the Hitler “Myth”?

A

a British historian in 1987

104
Q

What was the Hitler “Myth”?

A

Idea that H’s personality alone could not explain his popularity in Nazi Germany

105
Q

What did the Nazis consider the mentally & physically disabled to be?

A

“Biological Outsiders”.

106
Q

What law was passed in July 1933 towards mentally & physically disabled people?

A

Law for Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Progeny.

107
Q

What did the Law for Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Progeny make compulsory?

A

Sterilisation for “inferior” groups, e.g. schizophrenics.

108
Q

In 1935 what was introduced for “inferior” groups, e.g. schizophrenics?

A

Compulsory abortion.

109
Q

In the years 1933 - 45 how many people were sterilised?

A

400 000 people.

110
Q

What was the T4 programme?

A

Euthanasia for mentally & physically disabled children.

111
Q

When was the T4 programme introduced?

A

1939

112
Q

How were children killed in the T4 programme?

A

Lethal injection or starved to death.

113
Q

When did Nazis purge homosexual organisations & literature and ban everything?

A

1933

114
Q

How much % were women & Jews limited to of available university places?

A

Women = 10%
Jews = 1.5%

115
Q

What was the League of German Girls and when did it become compulsory?

A

Prepared girls for their future roles as housewives & mothers. Compulsory in 1936.

116
Q

What were given to larger families?

A

Medals - “donating a baby to the Führer”.

117
Q

When was the boycott of Jewish Shops?

A

1933, done by SA night before the Night of the Long Knives.

118
Q

Was there pressure on Hitler by 1935?

A

People thought persecution of Jews had gone too far, he had to move faster & faster.

Democracy and Nazism (5 decks)

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