key dates: 1099 onwards Flashcards
1
Q
Jerusalem taken
A
15 July 1099
2
Q
Battle of Ascalon
A
August 1099
3
Q
Tiberias captured
A
early 1100
(in Galilee) by Tancred
4
Q
Godfrey dies
Baldwin declared ruler
Baldwin crowned by Daimbert
A
july 1100
November 1100
December 25th
5
Q
Bohemond campaign against Turks and captured
A
1100
by Danishmends
6
Q
Baldwin ambushed and injured by small Fatimid raiding party
A
1103
7
Q
Genoese fleet arrives to help take settlements. Offered a third of any booty taken and a semi-independent trading enclave.
A
Easter 1101
8
Q
Arsuf taken
A
April 1101
by Baldwin I in three days
9
Q
Caesarea besieged
A
may 1101 (again by Baldwin I) and falls after 15 days. massacre of muslim inhabitants
10
Q
First Battle of Ramla
A
May 1101 (just after capture of Caesarea)
al-Afdal vs Baldwin I.
Baldwin victorious
11
Q
Tortosa captured
A
1102
by Ray of Toulouse and survivors of 1101 crusade
12
Q
second battle of Ramla.
A
May 1102
Fatimids win and Stephen of Blois killed.
13
Q
Baldwin I defeats Fatimids from Ramla #2
A
June 1102
14
Q
Latakia taken
A
1103
by Tancred
15
Q
Bohemond’s release from Danishmends.
A
1103
Baldwin II of Edessa negotiates for 100,000 gold pieces
16
Q
Jubail captured
A
1104
by Raymond of Toulouse
17
Q
Acre besieged and captured
A
April 1104
by Baldwin I
18
Q
Battle of Harran
A
May 1104
Seljuks v. Bohemond and Baldwin II of Edessa.
Baldwin II and Joscelin captured and crusaders lose.
19
Q
Bohemond leaves Antioch to raise a new crusade
A
Autumn 1104
20
Q
Duqaq of Damascus dies
A
1104
is replaced with Tughtegin (more willing to cooperate with Fatimids against crusaders)
21
Q
Tughtegin contributes 1500 archers to Fatimid invasion force
A
1105
22
Q
Tancred raises tax in Antioch to pay for troops and utilises Edessa’s tax income
A
January 1105
raises army of 1000 knights and 9000 infantry
23
Q
Battle of Artah
A
april 1105
Tancred besieges Artah with his 10,000 against Ridwan who had 7000 men (3000 of which were jihad volunteers)
24
Q
Raymond of Toulouse dies, Tripoli still unconquered
A
feb 1105
25
Tancred regaining territories lost after Harran and truce with Ridwan of Aleppo
1105-1110
| by 1100- Cilicia and Latakia retaken
26
third battle of Ramla
summer 1105
Fatimids v Baldwin I
Baldwin wins
27
Tughetgin starts minor raids against the Christians but also short term pacts to facillitate trade
1105-1110
28
Pope Paschal II grants Bohemond support for a new crusade
1105-1106
| raises 30,000 men and given papal legate
29
Treaty of Devol
September 1108
30
Baldwin II of Edessa v Tancred over Edessa
Summer to autumn 1108
31
Baldwin II of Edessa released from imprisonment
1108
32
Ridwan v Chavli of Mosul
1109
33
Tughtegin and Baldwin I create demilitarised zone
1109
in the Terre de Seuth for farmer cooperation.
lasted much of the 1100s
34
siege of Tripoli
July 1109
| by Frankish alliance
35
Mawdud of Mosul besieges Edessa
spring 1110
| broken up by coalition army in May
36
Beirut captured
May 1110
Baldwin I
help of Genoese and Pisan ships
37
Sidon captured
October 1110
Baldwin I
help of Norwegian king Sigurd and co
38
Tancred pressures for tribute payments
1110-1111
| Aleppo and Shaizar
39
Shaizar allies with Maudud of Mosul. Leads another Abbasid invasion into Syria.
September 1111
Provoked by Tancred
J + E + T hold him off at Apamea and he retreats
40
Baldwin makes deal with Ascalon commander.
1111
| He breaks off from Fatimid vizier and installs Christian Garrison. Killed by Fatimid loyalists.
41
Tancred dies
December 1112
42
Betrand of Toulouse dies
1112
| replaced with Pons
43
Literally everyone in Outremer gets married...
1113
Roger of Antioch marries Cecilia (Baldwin II of E's sister)
Joscelin of Courtenay marries Roger's sister
Pons marries Tancred's widow
44
Maudud of Mosul leads invasion towards Palestine
may 1113
| joined by Tughetgin. Invade Galilee.
45
Baldwin I surprised by Maudud and Tughtegin at battle of al-Sannabra.
june 1113
| Humiliating defeat: loses 1000-2000 men
46
Baldwin I retreats to Mount Tabor
july 1113
| muslims raid the region and then go home.
47
Ridwan of Aleppo dies.
1113
Aleppo In chaos: il-ghazi's son Sulaiman takes control after Lulu (eunuch) becomes regent briefly and expels all the assassins.
48
Pope Paschal II grants formal recognition to the Hospitallers
1113
| mostly still hospital function at this point
49
Maudud assassinated on visit to Tughtegin in Damascus.
October 1113
Tughtegin suspected of involvement; isolating him from Abbasid sultan of Baghdad and makes him more likely to ally with Crusader states.
50
Pope Urban II dies
29 July 1099
51
Sultan of Baghdad sends army to take control of Aleppo led by Bursuq.
1115
| Tughtegin and il-ghazi ally and occupy Aleppo instead PLUS treaty of military cooperation with Roger of Antioch
52
Bursuq invades southern Antiochene lands instead of Aleppo.
1115
Forced to retreat by Muslim-Christian coalition (Tughtegin, il-Ghazi, Roger of A, Baldwin II of E, Baldwin I and Pons of Tripoli)
53
Battle of Tell Danith
September 1115
Bursuq retreat was fake. Roger of Antioch launches surprise attack hugely outnumbered (coalition had dissolved). Success.
54
Baldwin I campaign into Transjordan.
Autumn 1115
| Establishes castle of Montreal- revenue from control of Muslim caravan trade routes
55
Baldwin I establishes outpost at Aqaba
1116
| on coast of Red sea- more trade income
56
Baldwin I launches campaign into Fatimid Egypt.
1117-1118
| Reaches the Nile and then falls ill
57
Baldwin I dies.
April 1118
Baldwin II crowned king of Jerusalem.
Joscelin of Courtenay is Prince of Edessa
58
300 pilgrims massacred at the River Jordan.
April 1119
| Knights Templar kickstarted; patrolling road from Jaffa to Jerusalem
59
Il-Ghazi marches on Antioch with over 10,000 men
june 1119
60
Field of Blood.
28th June 1119
| surprise attack on Roger of Antioch by il-ghazi. Roger and most of his army are killed.
61
Council of Nablus.
January 1120
| Decision to make appeal to Pope Calixtus II for a new crusade and to Venice for help.
62
Baldwin II introduces commercial tax cuts
1120
grants muslim and Christian traders freedom to enter and trade in Jerusalem.
Il-Ghazi also abolishes trading tolls in Aleppo: agrees to truce with Franks.
63
Battle of Azaz
June 1125
| combines force of all four states defeats Mosul-Damascus army north of Aleppo.
64
Baldwin recoups lost territories from the Field of Blood
1120s.
| The Summaq plateau
65
Raymond of le Puy becomes master of Hospitallers
1121
| takes inspiration from Templars and develops them into string military force
66
Il-ghazi dies
1122
67
The venetian crusade arrives
Autumn 1122
68
Baldwin II captured by Muslims
April 1123
spends 16 months in captivity before being captured
narrowly avoids coup in meantime
69
Tyre taken
1124
one of last Muslim-held ports and major trade centre
Baldwin II aided by Venetians
Ventians get: a third of the city, lordship of Tyre, annual 300 gold bezants, exemption from tax and a quarter in every town. (But B2 later negotiates that they need to provide military service for their land in Tyre)
70
Bohemond II takes his place as Prince of Antioch
1126
B2's regency ended
marries b2's daughter Alice
71
Hugh de Payns travels to europe
1127-8
| establishes base in London, gaining support and pledges for Templars and recruiting for Crusade to take Damascus.
72
Tughtegin of Damascus dies
1128
| succeeded by string of ineffectual emirs
73
Zengi seizes control of Aleppo
june 1128
exploits fractured political situation after Tughtegin's death
Aleppo has been weak since Ridwan's death
74
Zengi made atabeg of Mosul
1127
| by seljuk sultan of Baghdad
75
Council of Troyes
January 1129
| Templars recognises as religious order and endorsed by Bernard of Clairvaux (one of Europe's leading churchmen)
76
Assassins grant Banyas to Baldwin II
1129
had been given to them by Tughtegin but facing bloody suppression after attempting to assassinate his son Buri.
strategical foothold between KoJ and Damascus.
Retaken by Muslims in 1132 but Crusaders get It back in 1140.
77
Templars given castle and land at Baghras
1130s
| region controlling the Belen path- one of main routes into northern syria
78
Bohemond II of Antioch killed in Cilicia
February 1130
on campaign into Cilicia to recover lost Antiochene territory. killed by Danishmends.
Survived by infant Constance as heir and wife Alice (daughter of Baldwin II)
79
Alice tries to take control of Antioch
```
early 1130s
Baldwin II (her dad) comes in to sort out succession but Alice forbids his entrance and sends envoys to Zengi for assistance against him.
```
80
Baldwin II dies
August 1131
from illness
succeeded in September by daughter Melisende and husband Fulk who are jointly crowned as king and queen of Jerusalem.
81
Joscelin I of Edessa dies
September 1131
dies after wounded in a siege
succeeded by son Joscelin II
82
Alice of Antioch v Fulk
1131-1134
Alice continues efforts to maintain power over Antioch.
King Fulk rides in to uphold her daughter Constance's rights.
counts of Edessa and Tripoli support Alice's claim, against Fulk
83
Marriage issues for Fulk and Melisende
1134
Jerusalem aristocracy grow resentful of Fulk appointing his faves to positions of power and his estrangement from Melisende. Force him to rule jointly with her. They reconcile.
Increased importance of Haute Cour (high court), KoJ's foru for legal, political and military decisions)
84
Raymond of Poitiers marries Constance of Antioch
1136
ends political turbulence in Antioch.
he is son of the duke of Aquitaine (William IX)
Constance only 8 so this goes against Canon law (minimum age of 12) but Ralph, patriarch of Antioch overlooks this to remove the possibility that she could marry Manuel (son of Byzantine emperor) and threaten his Latin seat with influence of the Greeks.
85
Emperor John Comnenus marches to Antioch (Alexios' successor)
1137
forces Raymond to acknowledge his theoretical overlordship ( Antioch was area of dispute between Byzantium and crusaders during first crusade)
possibly prompted by the marriage without his consent
subsequent expeditions against Aleppo and Shaizar unsuccessful.
86
Templars gain 3 privileges from Pope
1139-1145
1. right to elect its own master
2. exemption from tithes payable to local church
3. and can even collect payable tithes from their own tenants
87
Zengi besieges Damascus
December 1139
Takes muslim cities of Hama, Homs and Baalbek in preparation throughout 1130s.
mostly concerned with Mesopotamia (Iraq) and muslim areas rather than the Near east/ Christian settlements
88
Fulk sends army to relieve Damascus
1140
Muslim commander of Damascus, Unur, refuses to surrender to Zengi. Makes an alliance with Fulk: Banyas and rich payments for military assistance.
Zengi retreats to Mesopotamia.
89
John II Comnenus returns to Near East
late summer 1142
looking to strengthen rule over Antioch
strong army
90
John II Comnenus death
April 1143
| hunting trip
91
Kerak castle built
1142
by KoJ to secure Transjordan
great crusader stronghold
92
Fulk dies
1142
| Melisende rules with her young son Baldwin III of Jerusalem
93
Zengi targets Muslim Artuqid princes of Diyar Bakr
1143
| one, Qara Arslan makes alliance with Joscelin II; relinquish territory for military aid
94
Zengi besieges Edessa
Autumn 1144
once J2 has marched his troops to help Qara Arslan, Edessa is mostly undefended and Zengi switches aims.
Melisende sends troops but Raymond of Antioch does not (reasons unknown)
95
Edessa falls
24th December 1144
Zengi's miners collapse huge section of walls
Massacre ensues
Fat L for the crusaders :)
