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Paper 6 (1660-1870) > Key Contextual Points > Flashcards

Key Contextual Points Flashcards

1
Q

The Restoration

A

1660 - Charles II

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2
Q

The Glorious Revolution

A

1688 - James II (Charles II’s successor) was deposed and fled to France

1689 - Mary (James II’s Protestant daughter) and William of Orange (her Dutch husband) became joint British monarchs

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3
Q

The Great Plague

A

1665 - kills around 100,000 people

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4
Q

The Great Fire of London

A

1666 - destroys around 13,000 homes

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5
Q

Act of Settlement

A

1701 - only a Protestant could ascend the throne

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6
Q

Bank of England founded

A

1694

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7
Q

Bursting of the South Sea Bubble

A

1720 - first great financial collapse in modern history

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8
Q

Battle of Plassey

A

1757 - British forced the French out of India and began genuine expansion of control under East India Company

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9
Q

American War of Independence

A

1775-1783

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10
Q

George III suffered his first attack of mental illness

A

1788

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11
Q

First steam-driven cotton factory opened (in Manchester)

A

1789

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12
Q

The Times began

A

1788

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13
Q

Rise of Grub Street

A

1750s

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14
Q

First English Copyright Act

A

1709-10

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15
Q

Scriblerus Club founded

A

1713

Included Pope, Swift, Gay, John Arbuthnot and Viscount Bolingbroke

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16
Q

Beginning of the French Revolution

A

1789

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17
Q

King Louis XVI executed

A

1793

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18
Q

Napoleon crowns himself Emperor

A

1804

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19
Q

Battle of Waterloo (ends Napoleon once and for all!)

A

1815

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20
Q

French Revolutionary Wars

A

1792-1802

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21
Q

Napoleonic Wars

A

1802-1815

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22
Q

Speenhamland System

A

1795 - means-tested sliding-scale of wage supplements in order to mitigate the worst effects of rural poverty

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23
Q

Qheat prices rose to their highest point in the 1800s in…

A

1812

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24
Q

Introduction of Income Tax

A

1799

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25
Q

Act of Union of Britain and Ireland

A

1800

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26
Q

Combination Acts

A

1799 and 1800 Combination Acts essentially banned trade unions (repealed in 1824 but then reinstated in 1825 due to the explosion of strikes that followed)

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27
Q

Luddite movement

A

1811-12

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28
Q

Peterloo Massacre

A

1819

18 killed and hundreds injured

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29
Q

What did the 1830 General Election demonstrate?

A

Proved the general desire for reform with the election of the Whigs (more liberal) after a long period of Tory dominance

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30
Q

Six Acts or Gag Laws

A

1819 - attempted to prevent meetings for the purpose of discussing reform

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31
Q

Abolishment of slavery in the British Empire

A

1833

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32
Q

Factory Acts

A

1819 and 1825, introduced regulations on use of child labour

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33
Q

Professional police force established

A

1820s under Robert Peel

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34
Q

Two acts which relaxed religious tensions

A

1828, Repeal of Test and Corporation Acts, which liberated Non-Conformists
1829, Roman Catholic Relief Act made discrimination against Roman Catholics illegal

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35
Q

First steam passenger line opened

A

1825

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36
Q

Liverpool-Manchester railway opened

A

1830

37
Q

Blackwood’s Magazine

A

1817, part of an explosion of literary periodicals

38
Q

Thomas Carlyle on the Ancients vs Moderns debate

A

1827, he wrote about the ‘grand controversy […] between the Classicists and Romanticists’

39
Q

Preface to Lyrical Ballads quotation on language

A

‘the real language of men in a state of vivid sensation’

40
Q

First Reform Act

A

1832, enfranchised about one in five adult males (but it did not change the property qualifications and thus most of the population remained disenfranchised)

41
Q

Poor Law Amendment Act

A

1834 – Poor Law Amendment Act, replaced the Speenhamland System with workhouses for the poor, segregated by gender

42
Q

Repeal of the Corn Laws

A

1846 – changed from the protectionist/mercantilist system to a free trade model

43
Q

Glasgow cotton spinners went on a three-month strike in…

A

1837

44
Q

Canada was awarded internal self-government

A

1848

45
Q

Thomas Cook opened his travel agency

A

Early 1840s

46
Q

Theatre Regulations Act

A

1843, abolished the monopoly of Convent Garden and Drury Lane, allowing for more diverse forms of theatre to develop

47
Q

‘Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood’ of poets and painters founded

A

1848

48
Q

Stamp duty on newspapers was reduced to one penny making them available to far wider audience

A

1840s

49
Q

Dates of Chartist petitions

A

1839, 1841, 1848

50
Q

Number of signatures on the first Chartist petition

A

1.25 million

51
Q

Tamworth Manifesto

A

1834 - Robert Peel’s speech laid the foundations for the Conservative Party

52
Q

Second Reform Act

A

1867, more than doubled the franchise (first time any working-class men could vote)

53
Q

Trade Union Act

A

1871 - first time trade unions were legalised

54
Q

First Married Women’s Property Act

A

1870

55
Q

Elementary Education Act

A

1870 - free public education available to all 5-13-year-olds (this was made compulsory in 1876)

56
Q

Irish Republican Brotherhood

A

Founded 1857-58 - aimed to overthrow the British government in Ireland

57
Q

American Civil War

A

1861-65

58
Q

Indian Mutiny

A

1857

59
Q

Victoria’s Little Wars

A

Series of colonial wars in South Africa in 1870s

60
Q

Opening of the Suez Canal

A

1869

61
Q

Great Exhibition

A

1851

62
Q

First underground railway line

A

1863

63
Q

The Origin of the Species

A

1859

64
Q

The Oxford Movement

A

Movement amongst members of the High Anglican Church which advocated more ritualistic worship (many eventually just became Roman Catholics)

65
Q

German High Criticism

A

Religious criticism which called the historical nature of the biblical Gospels into question (epitomised by David Friedrich Strass’ Das Leben Jesu which was translated by George Eliot!)

66
Q

Rapid development of the print industry and mass readership for newspapers due to…

A

1855, abolition of Stamp Duty on newspapers

1861, removal of duty on paper

67
Q

Founding of Clarendon Press

A

1672

68
Q

Key characteristics of Charles II’s rule

A

1660-1685

  • Religious strife
  • Exclusion Crisis (attempts by Parliament to prevent succession of James II)
  • For the last four years of his reign, Charles ruled without Parliament
69
Q

Test Act

A

1673 - Parliament prevented Roman Catholics from holding civil or military office

70
Q

Key characteristics of James II’s rule

A

1685-1688

  • Attempted to return Britain to Catholicism
  • Used the royal prerogative to overrule Parliament
71
Q

Who were the Jacobites?

A

Supporters of the Stuart line of succession i.e. wanted James II and his children to ascend the British throne

72
Q

East India Company founded Calcutta

A

1690

73
Q

Whigs in power

A

1714-1784
Regained power in 1830
Merged with the new Liberal Party in 1860s

74
Q

Tories in power

A

1784-1830

1830s, became the Conservative Party under Sir Robert Peel

75
Q

Key characteristics of George I’s rule

A

1714-1727

  • Came from Hanover (Germany) and never bothered to learn English
  • 1715, Jacobite uprising in opposition to him
  • Attended few Cabinet meetings, leaving the Whigs under Robert Walpole to govern the country
76
Q

Key characteristics of George II’s rule

A

1727-1760

  • Continued Whig control of government
  • Series of wars: with Spain, Seven Years War, War of Austrian Succession
77
Q

Key characteristics of George III’s rule

A

1760-1820

  • Broke Whig power by appointing loyal ministers and essentially governing himself for 20 years
  • Loss of American colonies
  • Mental illness
  • 1784, large Tory majority in General Election
78
Q

Smallpox inoculation introduced to England by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

A

1717 (in general use by 1740)

79
Q

Carron Iron Works established

A

1759

80
Q

Examples of mid-1700s periodicals

A

Daniel Defoe’s Review
Richard Steele’s The Tatler
Joseph Addison’s The Spectator

81
Q

Which classical author did Pope translate?

A

Homer

82
Q

Which classical authors did Dryden translate?

A

Virgil and Juvenal

83
Q

Examples of texts written about the French Revolution (3)

A

Edmund Burke’s Reflections
Thomas Paine’s The Rights of Man (1791-92)
Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)

84
Q

Key characteristics of George IV’s Regency and Reign

A

Regency: 1811-1820
Reign: 1820-1830
- Patron of the arts, giving a large collection of books and artwork to the nation
- Associated with witty and civilised culture
- Personal extravagance caused the monarchy to lose power and prestige

85
Q

Key characteristics of William IV’s reign

A

1830-37

  • Governed through Tories
  • Obstructed the first Reform Bill but eventually helped the Whigs force the third Bill through
86
Q

Key characteristics Victoria’s reign

A

1837-1901

  • Raised the reputation of the monarchy
  • Connected strongly with the Empire as a kind of imperial mother figure
  • Pax Britannica - no major international conflicts
87
Q

First Public Health Act passed

A

1848

88
Q

Key American Romantic writers

A

Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allen Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry W. Longfellow and Henry Thoreau (!!)

89
Q

Charles Lyall’s Principles of Geology first published

A

1830-33

Paper 6 (1660-1870) (2 decks)

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