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Key Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Particularistic standards

A

Standards or rules that only apply to one person/family/group

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2
Q

Universalistic standards

A

Standards or rules that apply to everyone

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3
Q

Ascribed status

A

Status/characteristic you’re born with e.g ethnicity

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4
Q

Achieved status

A

A status/position you have gained through your own efforts

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5
Q

Affective relationships

A

Relationships based on love and affection

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6
Q

Instrumental relationship

A

Relationships based on mutual self interest

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7
Q

Role allocation

A

Sifting and sorting people by their skills to match them to occupations they’re suited to

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8
Q

New Vocationalism

A

A movement from the 1980 onwards which aimed to focus the school curriculum to better meet the needs of the economy

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9
Q

Marketisation

A

Making schools compete against each other in an educational market

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10
Q

Parentocracy

A

Giving parents more choice over what schools to send their children to

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11
Q

Selection by mortgage

A

The way in which catchment areas benefits those who can afford to buy a house in a desirable area, which usually have the best state schools in them

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12
Q

Funding formula

A

The system where schools receive an equal amount of funding per student they enrol

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13
Q

Repressive state apparatuses

A

Things used by the bourgeoisie to control the proletariat through force or the threat of it e.g the police

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14
Q

Ideological state apparatuses

A

Things used by the bourgeoisie to control the proletariat by controlling their ideas and beliefs e.g education

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15
Q

Correspondence principle

A

How the org and control in school mirrors to the workplace in capitalist society

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16
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

Things taught in schools which aren’t on the timetable , such as obeying authority

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17
Q

Counter school culture

A

A group of students who oppose the values of education

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18
Q

Stratification

A

The way in which individuals are divided into levels of status such as the class system

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19
Q

Linguistic deprivation

A

Limitations in a person’s use of language, such as not speaking standard English

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20
Q

Restricted code

A

Speech used by WC, it has limited vocab and is context bound (assumes the listener has the same/similar experiences to the speaker)

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21
Q

Elaborated code

A

Speech used by MC, it has a wide vocabulary and is context-free - the speaker fills in the gaps for the listener to make clear what they’re saying

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22
Q

Instant gratification

A

Wanting pleasure immediately

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23
Q

Delayed gratification

A

Postponing pleasure in order to get a greater reward later on

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24
Q

Present-time orientation

A

Seeing the present as more important than the future, and so lacking long-term goals and plans

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25
Future-time orientation
Seeing the future as more important than the present, so having long term plans and goals
26
Fatalism
The belief that you can’t change your fate/passion
27
Collectivism
Valuing being part of a group more than individual success
28
Compensatory education
Additional resources/funding targeted at deprived children, such as Education Action Zones and SureStart
29
Cultural difference hypothesis
The argument that underachievement is produced by a mismatch in cultures between home and school
30
Situational constraint
Where the attitudes and values caused by a child’s particular position in society causes their underachievement
31
The cost of free schooling
Things parents need to spend money on in order for their child to access free education (uniforms)
32
A-C economy
When schools concentrate their time and effort on students who they believe will get at least 5 grade C’s at GCSE, boosting their league table position
33
Educational triage
The process where schools sort students into ‘hopeless cases’, ‘those who will pass anyway’ and ‘those with potential’ and then focus on the last group of students to help boost their league table position
34
Streaming
Placing pupils in the same ability group for all subjects
35
Differentiation
Providing different work to students in a mixed ability class on their abilities
36
Polarisation
A process which results in the creation of two opposite extremes e.g. setting and streaming creates pro school and anti-school subcultures
37
Habitus
The ways of thinking, being and acting associated with a particular social class
38
Symbolic capital
The status recognition and sense of work we are able to obtain from others, especially those from the same social class
39
Symbolic violence
The act of denying someone’s symbolic capital by defining their culture as worthless
40
Model minorities
Ethnic groups which achieve more than the white majority, e.g. Chinese and Indian, and are held in high regard by teachers
41
Marginalisation
The process by which individuals or groups are pushed to the edge of, and sometimes excluded from society/the classroom
42
Crisis of masculinity
Boys being uncertain about their future job prospects due to decline in manual jobs in Britain, which demotivates them
43
Feminisation of education
The process where education comes to value feminine characteristics such as cooperation rather than masculine characteristics such as competition
44
Laddish subcultures
WC groups of boys who place a strong value on masculinity and reject schoolwork, as they see it being feminine
45
Gender domains
Refers to how certain tasks and activities are seen as being male or female
46
Local Education Authorities
The authority responsible for education in a particular area - they’re apart of councils
47
Parity of esteem
Where schools are seen as different but equal
48
Cream-skimming
The way in which good schools can be more selective over their intake, choosing high achieving school
49
Silt-shifting
The ability of good schools to avoid taking less able pupils who could damage their league table position
50
Privileged-skilled choosers
MC parents who use cultural and economic capital to get their children into the best schools
51
Disconnected-local choosers
WC parents who lack cultural and economic capital and often send their children to the nearest schools to where they live
52
Semi-skilled choosers
WC parents who are ambition for their children who have to use social capital to make sense of the education system due to their lack of cultural and economic capital
53
Education Action Zones
Deprived areas which receive more money and resources
54
Educational Maintenance Allowance
Payments to low-income students to encourage them to stay in education post-16
55
Aim Higher
A scheme which encouraged people from under-represented groups to go to uni
56
Fragmentation
How the education system is being taken away from LEA controls and placed into the hands of variety of private providers
57
Centralisation of control
The process of LEA power being taken away and replaced by central gov power
58
Privatisation
Where gov owned resources are sold to private companies
59
Cola-nation of schools
How private companies penetrate schools indirectly, through placement of their products/logos in school
60
Assimilation
Attempting to socialise ethic minorities into mainstream British culture
61
Social inclusion
Polices and scheme which try and ensure all disadvantaged groups achieve in education

Sociology (8 decks)

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