Key Concepts

Question 1

Counterbalancing

Answer 1

Used in repeated measures designs to control order effects

(E.g- If there are 2 conditions- A and B, participants experience both orders: AB and BA)

Question 2

Randomisation

Answer 2

Randomly assigning participants or conditions to minimise bias

Question 3

Control group vs Experimental group

Answer 3

Control group: Doesn’t experience the IV
Experimental group: Experienced the manipulation of IV

Question 4

Double-blind design

Answer 4

Neither participants nor researchers know who is in the control or experimental group, reducing bias

Question 5

Placebo effect

Answer 5

Changes in behaviour due to participants expectations, not the IV

Question 6

Extraneous variables

Answer 6

Variables that could influence the DV but are not of interest (eg. Lighting conditions during a memory test)

Question 7

Demand characteristics

Answer 7

Participants guess the purpose of the study and change their behaviour

Question 8

Hawthorne effect

Answer 8

Participants change their behaviour because they are being observed