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biology > key concepts > Flashcards

key concepts Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what type of cell area plant and animal cells

A

eukaryotes

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2
Q

what type of cell are bacteria cells

A

prokaryotes

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3
Q

similarities between plant and animal cells

A

they both have a cell membrane, a nucleus, cytoplasm, lots of mitochondria and ribosomes

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4
Q

what does a cell membrane do

A

control what can enter or leave

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5
Q

what does a nucleus do

A

contains genetic material or dna

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6
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

a jelly substance all the subcellular structure sit in, also where chemical reactions take place

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7
Q

what do mitochondria do

A

provide the cell with energy to function by breaking down glucose

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8
Q

what do ribosomes do

A

make proteins

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9
Q

what features do plants have that animal cells dont

A

a cell wall, a vacuole and chloroplasts

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10
Q

what does the cell wall do

A

support and structure the cell

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11
Q

what does the vacuole do

A

contains cell sap (mixture of sugars, salts and water)

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12
Q

what do chloroplasts do

A

carry out photosynthesis

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13
Q

what does being a prokayotic cell mean

A

their unicellular

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14
Q

what are the features of a bacteria cell similar to plants and animals

A

a cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm

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15
Q

what else do bacteria cells have

A

a strand of dna (nucleiod) instead of a nucleus and sometimes plasmids which contain extra genes and flagella which are tail like structures that allow the bacteria to move

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16
Q

what is microscopy

A

the use of microscopes

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17
Q

what is the object and the imagine in microscopy

A

the object is the sample we are looking at and the image is what we see in the microscope

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18
Q

how do microscopes work

A
  1. light from the room hits the mirror underneath the object
  2. then the thing will be reflected upwards through the object we are looking at
  3. then through one of the objective lenses, through the eye piece and into our eye
  4. the lenses spread out light rays so the image we see is far larger
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19
Q

what is magnification

A

how many times larger the image is to the object

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20
Q

equation for magnification

A

magnification = image size / object size

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21
Q

what is resolution

A

a measure of how detailed the image is

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22
Q

positives and negatives of light microscopes

A

+ small
easy to use
relatively cheap
- resolution is limited to 0.2um, meaning anything less than that will be blurry
cant see subcellular structures

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23
Q

positives and negatives of electron microscopes

A

+ use electrons not light
max resolution is 0.1nm
- very big
very expensive
hard to use so only scientists use them

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24
Q

what is the timeline of size units

A

nm——-um——mm——-m——–km

25
Q

why do we set the units in this order

A

each unit is 1000x bigger than the last

26
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a substance that increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the process

27
Q

what are enzymes

A

a type of catalysts that are made by organisms ‘biological catalysts’ large proteins (long chains of amino acids)

28
Q

how do enzymes work

A

enzymes speed up the process of reactants (substrates) turning into products or the other way around by joining the active site to a complimentary substrate

29
Q

what are the 2 types of enzyme action

A

lock and key model or induced fit model

30
Q

lock and key vs induced fit models of enzymes

A

lock and key is where the substrate has to fit perfectly into the active size whereas the induced fit model says the active size moulds shape to perfectly mind to the substrate

31
Q

how does temperature affect the function of enzymes

A
  • the rate of reaction increases up to 37degrees as the particles have more energy to collide and react
  • however, past this point, the temperature starts to break apart the bonds holding the enzymes together, changing the shape of the active site
  • if the shape is changed enough, the enzyme wont be able to bond to substrates permanently
  • the enzyme is ‘denatured’
32
Q

what is the optimum temperature

A

the point where the rate of reaction is at its highest

32
Q

how does pH affect the functioning of enzymes

A

if the pH gets too low, it slows down the rate of reaction
- some bonds holding the enzyme together starts to break
- the active site starts to change shape but the substrate can still fit
- active site changes shape too much to the point the enzyme cannot fit
- enzyme is denatured

33
Q

where are carbohydrates usually found and why do we need them

A

starchy foods and fruit and vegetables, we need them as an energy source to carry out chemical reactions and move around

34
Q

what are the 2 types of lipids

A

fats, solid at room temperature, and oils, liquid at room temperature

35
Q

where do we find lipids and why do we need them

A

oily fish, nuts and seeds, dairy and avocadoes, they are long term stores of energy due to the fat, keep us warm and protect our organs

36
Q

where do we find proteins and why do we need them

A

nuts, fish, lentils and beans, we need them to grow and repair damaged tissue, or in emergency as energy if we don’t have enough carbs or lipids

37
Q

what is the difference between vitamins and mineral ions

A

vitamins are organic molecules but minerals are inorganic

38
Q

why do we need vitamin A

A

found in leafy vegetables or liver, needed for good vision and healthy hair and skin

38
Q

why do we need vitamin B

A

found in fruit and vegetables, needed to not get scurvy

39
Q

why do we need vitamin D

A

made by our bodies from sunlight intake or eating eggs and oily fish, needed to absorb calcium

40
Q

what is calcium and why do we need it

A

a mineral ion found in milk or leafy vegetables, needed for strong bones and can lead to rickets

41
Q

what is iron and why do we need it

A

a mineral ion, found in red meat, spinach and beans needed for haemoglobin, which can lead to anemia

42
Q

what is fibre and why do we need it

A

a type of carbohydrate which we do not absorb, found in wholemeal breads and brown rice, needed for food to move through our intestines properly

43
Q

why do we need water

A

chemical reactions, our bodies are 70% water and we are constantly losing it through breathing, sweating, urinating so we need to replace it

44
Q

what is diffusion

A

the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to a low concentration

45
Q

what states can diffusion happen in

A

gases and liquids

46
Q

what type of cell membranes can some molecules diffuse through

A

partially permeable

47
Q

what are the 3 factors affecting diffusion

A

concentration gradient, temperature and surface area

48
Q

how does the concentration gradient affect diffusion

A

the larger the concentration difference between two areas, the higher the rate will be

49
Q

how does temperature affect the rate of diffusion

A

the high temperatures give the particles more energy to move around, increasing the rate

50
Q

how does surface area affect the rate of diffusion

A

with a larger surface area, there is more room for particles to move in or out, increasing the rate

51
Q

what is osmosis

A

the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a high water concentration to a low water concentration

52
Q

what is water concentration

A

the amount of water molecules compared to other molecules that are dissolved in water

53
Q

what is the difference between diffusion and active transport

A

diffusion moves down the concentration gradient ( high to low) and active transport moves up the concentration gradient (low to high )

54
Q

what type of process is active transport

A

active - it requires energy from the cell

55
Q

how do specialised cells have energy for active transport

A

cellular respiration - the vast amounts of mitochondria breaks down glucose and stores the energy in ATP acting like a battery

56
Q

why do root hair cells need to perform active transport

A

in the cell, there is more magnesium ions and nitrates than in the soil, so they cannot be absorbed by diffusion as there is a higher concentration gradient

57
Q

how are root hair cells adapted for active transport

A

lots of mitochondria and a large surface area

biology (5 decks)

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