Key Chemical Mediators Major Sources Flashcards
IL-1/IL-1β
Innate. Macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells.
Inflammation, endothelial cell activation, greater role in fever than TNF-alpha, IL-6 production.
a collective term for components of the outermost membrane of cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli and Salmonella[2] with a common structural architecture. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are large molecules consisting of three parts: an outer core polysaccharide termed the O-antigen, an inner core oligosaccharide and Lipid A (from which toxicity is largely derived), all covalently linked.
Endotoxin = Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
IL-2
T-cells.
T-cell survival signal; Proliferation & differentiation of T cells
IL-3
T-cells
Maturation of hematopoietic lineages, macrophage differentiation.
IL-4
CD4+ T-cells (Th2, Tfh), mast cells.
TH2 differentiation, B cell proliferation & differentiation, IgG1, IgE isotypes
IL-5
CD4+ T-cells (Th2)
Plasma cell differentiation, IgA isotype, eosinophil activation.
IL-6
Innate. Macrophages, endothelial cells, T-cells, fibroblasts.
Acute phase response (liver, etc), fever, plasma cell differentiation, Th17 differentiation
IL-10
T cells (mainly Tregs), macrophages.
inhibits macrophages, decreases co-stimulatory molecules (anti-inflammatory effects)
IL-12
Macrophages, dendritic cells.
NK cell activation, TH1 differentiation/production of IFN-gamma.
IL-13
CD4+ T-cells (Th2), NKT cells, mast cells
B cell differentiation, IgE isotype, macrophage alternate activation
IL-17
CD4+ T cells (Th17)
Increased cytokine and chemokine production by macrophages and endothelial cells
TNF-α
Innate. Macrophages, mast cells, T-cells,
Inflammation, endothelial cell activation, FDC differentiation, cachexia/systemic effects, fever
TGF-β
T cells (mainly Tregs), macrophages.
Treg & Th17 differentiation, B cell differentiation, IgG2b, IgA, inhibits macrophages
IFN-γ
Innate. T-cells (Th1, CD8+ T-cells), NK cells.
Macrophage activation, TH1 differentiation, B cell differentiation, IgG2a, IgG3 isotypes.
IFN-α
Innate. Plasmacytoid dendric cells, macrophage.
Inhibits viral replication, increases MHC Class I expression, activates NK cells
IFN-β
Innate. Fibroblasts, plasmacytoid dendritic cells.
Inhibits viral replication, activates NK cell.
GCSF/MCSF/GMCSF
Innate. Macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, bone marrow endothelial cells.
Granulocyte/monocyte differentiation, stem cell recruitment.
Histamine
Innate. Mast cells, basophils.
Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial cell activation.
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Innate. Macrophages, endothelial cell.
Vasodilation
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
Innate. Endothelial cells, leukocyte.
Vasodilation.
Thromboxane (TXA2)
Innate. Platelets, leukocyte.
Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation.
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
Innate. Mast cells, leukocytes.
Pain, vasodilation, central nervous system mediator of fever.
Leukotriene B
(LTB4)
Innate. Neutrophils.
Leukocyte (neutrophil) recruitment (chemotaxis and adhesion.
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4/LTD4/LTE4)
Innate. Mast cells.
Increased vascular permeability, bronchospasm.
Lipoxins
Innate. Leukocytes (esp. neutrophils), platelets convert to active form.
Inhibit neutrophil adhesion and chemotaxis; help with resolution of inflammatory response.
Complement Cascade
Innate. Liver (plasma proteins).
Opsonization (C3b), chemotaxis (C3a/C5a), membrane attack complex (MAC: C5-9).
Bradykinin
Innate. Liver (plasma protein).
Pain, endothelial vasodilation and permeability, smooth muscle contraction.
CXCL8 (IL8)
Innate. Macrophages, epithelial cells.
Chemotactic factor for neutrophils, also promotes neutrophil activation.
CCL2 (MCP-1)
Innate. Many (induced by oxidative stress, inflammation).
Macrophage recruitment to sites of inflammation.
CCL5 (RANTES)
many.
Monocyte, memory T and eosinophil recruitment.
CCL19 (MIP3β)
Mature dendritic cells.
Naïve B & T cell recruitment to secondary lymphoid tissues.
CCL21 (SLC)
Afferent lymphatic vessels.
Naïve B & T cell recruitment to secondary lymphoid tissues.
Macrophages
IL-1/IL-1β. Innate.
IL-6. Innate.
IL-10
IL-12
TNF-α. Innate.
TGF-β
IFN-α. Innate.
TGF-β
IFN-α. Innate.
GCSF/MCSF/GMCSF. Innate.
Nitric Oxide (NO). Innate.
CXCL8 (IL8). Innate.
Mast cells
IL-4
IL-13
TNF-α. Innate.
Histamine. Innate.
Prostaglandin E2. (PGE2). Innate.
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4/LTD4/LTE4). Innate.
endothelial cells
IL-1/IL-1β. Innate.
IL-6. Innate.
GCSF/MCSF/GMCS. Innate.
Nitric Oxide (NO). Innate.
Prostacyclin (PGI2). Innate.
Prostaglandin D2
The most abundant mediator generated by the cyclooxygenase pathway in mast cells
It causes intense bronchospasm and increased mucin production.
Receptor for IL~2
CD25
