Key Chemical Mediators Major Sources

Question 1

IL-1/IL-1β

Answer 1

Innate. Macrophages, endothelial cells, some epithelial cells.
Inflammation, endothelial cell activation, greater role in fever than TNF-alpha, IL-6 production.

Question 2

a collective term for components of the outermost membrane of cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli and Salmonella[2] with a common structural architecture. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are large molecules consisting of three parts: an outer core polysaccharide termed the O-antigen, an inner core oligosaccharide and Lipid A (from which toxicity is largely derived), all covalently linked.

Question 3

IL-2

Answer 3

T-cells.
T-cell survival signal; Proliferation & differentiation of T cells

Question 4

IL-3

Answer 4

T-cells
Maturation of hematopoietic lineages, macrophage differentiation.

Question 5

IL-4

Answer 5

CD4+ T-cells (Th2, Tfh), mast cells.
TH2 differentiation, B cell proliferation & differentiation, IgG1, IgE isotypes

Question 6

IL-5

Answer 6

CD4+ T-cells (Th2)
Plasma cell differentiation, IgA isotype, eosinophil activation.

Question 7

IL-6

Answer 7

Innate. Macrophages, endothelial cells, T-cells, fibroblasts.
Acute phase response (liver, etc), fever, plasma cell differentiation, Th17 differentiation

Question 8

IL-10

Answer 8

T cells (mainly Tregs), macrophages.
inhibits macrophages, decreases co-stimulatory molecules (anti-inflammatory effects)

Question 9

IL-12

Answer 9

Macrophages, dendritic cells.
NK cell activation, TH1 differentiation/production of IFN-gamma.

Question 10

IL-13

Answer 10

CD4+ T-cells (Th2), NKT cells, mast cells
B cell differentiation, IgE isotype, macrophage alternate activation

Question 11

IL-17

Answer 11

CD4+ T cells (Th17)
Increased cytokine and chemokine production by macrophages and endothelial cells

Question 12

TNF-α

Answer 12

Innate. Macrophages, mast cells, T-cells,
Inflammation, endothelial cell activation, FDC differentiation, cachexia/systemic effects, fever

Question 13

TGF-β

Answer 13

T cells (mainly Tregs), macrophages.
Treg & Th17 differentiation, B cell differentiation, IgG2b, IgA, inhibits macrophages

Question 14

IFN-γ

Answer 14

Innate. T-cells (Th1, CD8+ T-cells), NK cells.
Macrophage activation, TH1 differentiation, B cell differentiation, IgG2a, IgG3 isotypes.

Question 15

IFN-α

Answer 15

Innate. Plasmacytoid dendric cells, macrophage.
Inhibits viral replication, increases MHC Class I expression, activates NK cells

Question 16

IFN-β

Answer 16

Innate. Fibroblasts, plasmacytoid dendritic cells.
Inhibits viral replication, activates NK cell.

Question 17

GCSF/MCSF/GMCSF

Answer 17

Innate. Macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, bone marrow endothelial cells.
Granulocyte/monocyte differentiation, stem cell recruitment.

Question 18

Histamine

Answer 18

Innate. Mast cells, basophils.
Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial cell activation.

Question 19

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Answer 19

Innate. Macrophages, endothelial cell.
Vasodilation

Question 20

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

Answer 20

Innate. Endothelial cells, leukocyte.
Vasodilation.

Question 21

Thromboxane (TXA2)

Answer 21

Innate. Platelets, leukocyte.
Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation.

Question 22

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

Answer 22

Innate. Mast cells, leukocytes.
Pain, vasodilation, central nervous system mediator of fever.

Question 23

Leukotriene B
(LTB4)

Answer 23

Innate. Neutrophils.
Leukocyte (neutrophil) recruitment (chemotaxis and adhesion.

Question 24

Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4/LTD4/LTE4)

Answer 24

Innate. Mast cells.
Increased vascular permeability, bronchospasm.

Question 25

Lipoxins

Answer 25

Innate. Leukocytes (esp. neutrophils), platelets convert to active form.
Inhibit neutrophil adhesion and chemotaxis; help with resolution of inflammatory response.

Question 26

Complement Cascade

Answer 26

Innate. Liver (plasma proteins).
Opsonization (C3b), chemotaxis (C3a/C5a), membrane attack complex (MAC: C5-9).

Question 27

Bradykinin

Answer 27

Innate. Liver (plasma protein).
Pain, endothelial vasodilation and permeability, smooth muscle contraction.

Question 28

CXCL8 (IL8)

Answer 28

Innate. Macrophages, epithelial cells.
Chemotactic factor for neutrophils, also promotes neutrophil activation.

Question 29

CCL2 (MCP-1)

Answer 29

Innate. Many (induced by oxidative stress, inflammation).
Macrophage recruitment to sites of inflammation.

Question 30

CCL5 (RANTES)

Answer 30

many.
Monocyte, memory T and eosinophil recruitment.

Question 31

CCL19 (MIP3β)

Answer 31

Mature dendritic cells.
Naïve B & T cell recruitment to secondary lymphoid tissues.

Question 32

CCL21 (SLC)

Answer 32

Afferent lymphatic vessels.
Naïve B & T cell recruitment to secondary lymphoid tissues.

Question 33

Macrophages

Answer 33

IL-1/IL-1β. Innate.
IL-6. Innate.
IL-10
IL-12
TNF-α. Innate.
TGF-β
IFN-α. Innate.
TGF-β
IFN-α. Innate.
GCSF/MCSF/GMCSF. Innate.
Nitric Oxide (NO). Innate.
CXCL8 (IL8). Innate.

Question 34

Mast cells

Answer 34

IL-4
IL-13
TNF-α. Innate.
Histamine. Innate.
Prostaglandin E2. (PGE2). Innate.
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4/LTD4/LTE4). Innate.

Question 35

endothelial cells

Answer 35

IL-1/IL-1β. Innate.
IL-6. Innate.
GCSF/MCSF/GMCS. Innate.
Nitric Oxide (NO). Innate.
Prostacyclin (PGI2). Innate.

Question 36

Prostaglandin D2

Answer 36

The most abundant mediator generated by the cyclooxygenase pathway in mast cells
It causes intense bronchospasm and increased mucin production.

Question 37

Receptor for IL~2

Answer 37

CD25